Unit 3 - WWI Vocab Flashcards
Nationalism
idea that people in a country speak the same language, share common religious identities, and a common history and culture
Nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
- culture
- history
- territory
- nationality
- religion
Nation
a politcally organized body of people under a single government
Pan-Slavism
nationalistic movement that sought to unite Slavic peoples (cross union –> Slavic ppl in Germany and Salvio ppl in Serbia)
Pan-Germanism
movement to unify the people of all German speaking
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Triple Entente
Britain, France, Russia, Italy
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist - assassination sparked WWI
Ultimatum
a final proposal or statement of conditions
Bosnia
Southern Slavic nation seeking independence; invasion by AH creates war in the Balkans; housed the people that killed Ferdinand (Black Hand)
Jingoism
Warlike patriosim
Schlieffen Plan
Detailed the German movement of troops and supplied so that Germany could win a war against both France and Russia within 42 days of fighting
Said: if Germany went to war with Russia, it would first attack and defeat France while Russia was still mobilizing its army—>go through Belgium and avoid the French army on the Franco-German border
Great War (WWI)
1914-1918 involved all of Europe bc of its world empires and 2 sided alliances
1st Battle of the Marne
1st battle, lasted 7 days, the French counter-attacked the Germans and stopped the German advance and pushed them back
Germans and French suffered more the 148,000 killed and 352,000 wounded
Race to the Sea
Name given during the trench war, were both sides spread their armies out to form a 500 mile battlefront that stretched from the English Channel to the boarder of Switzerland
Trench Warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield
Battle of the Somme
A battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare
Battle of Verdun
Battle fought between French and German armies, one of the costliest battles in WWI, was mainly useless and just people died, both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties
Eastern Front of WWI
no trenches it was basically warfare with tanks and guns, stretched form Baltic Sea in the North to the Black Sea in the South
Western Front of WWI
French vs. Germans and slows Trench Warfare, western side of territory under the control of Germany
Battle of Gallipoli
Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took pace at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey, was a joint British and French operation meant to capture the capital city Constantinople to secure a sea route to Russia. This failed, with nearly half a million casualties
Total War
the channeling of a nation’s entire resources into a war effort
Home Front
The name given to the part of war that was not actively involved in the fighting but contributed in factories and resources
U-Boats
German Submarines
Lustania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat, 128 Americans and other citizens died, the sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Dardanelles
A vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean
Zimmerman Telegram
Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico, Mexico should ally with Germany in return for lost land to the US. Intercepted by British and translated over to USA—> declared war on Germany
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia’s involvement in WWI, Russia had to give up land to Germany and allowed German forces to all to to the Western front
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting (WW1 between Germany and allies)
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed to promote cooperation and peace.
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers at the end of WWI which demanded high repairs from the germans
Reparations
payment for war damages
1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated
1914 W
WWI begins
1918
Russia leaves the war
1917
America enters WWI
1919
Armistice signed
1919 T
Treaty of Versailles signed
MANIA
Militarism - nations built up military to go to war
Alliances - agreement between nations to protect one another
Nationalism - pride in one’s country
Imperialism - one country takes control of another country
Assassination - Franz Ferdinand killed
Evaluate the Treaty of Versailles. Was this a fair and appropriate end to WWI?
Thesis: The values of the Treaty of Versailles was a partially fair end to WW1 because the promotions suggested a shift in power by limiting Germany as a whole due to their loss in war, yet the peace to stop fighting came with possible short and long term consequences.
* Germany and the allied nations signed the Treaty of Versailles to formally end WW1
* War guilt caused Germnay and other central powers to take blame for WW1: Not fair, everyone contributed to the conflict of the war
* Terms of the treaty required
◦ Germnay to pay financial reparastions (damages for wrong actions): Germany should pay an amount of Reparastions for the war because they helped in the damage as well as “loosing” the war and damage in France territory
◦ Give up all overseas colonies and land: Because Germany lost the war, their power should be restricted to some extent but not past the point it would hurt them. They have the right to defend themselves but not the right to start conflict. Germany also does not necessarily need other colonies at this point in time.
◦ German military to be limited: The German military should not be highly limited, yet should not be allowed to have troops in the Rhineland area (boarder of France). Having troops in the area would have caused conflict, while trying to have the avoidance of war
* Short term consequences: Germany could get mad because their power will be limited as well as taken advantage of although they lost the war as well as a dirastic change in loss of money and the economy
* Long term consequences: Becuase of lost land and power, Germnay could try to gain it back after rebuilding their economy in another form of war or conflict.
To what extent was World War 1 decided not won through battlefield victories, but instead throughout the exhaustion of the “home front”?
Thesis: The weakness of the German forces is seen as the view of victory by the sense of exhaustion from the ally army as it uses its strength in a counter-attack to attack the German army as well as the decrease of the Central powers through the exhaustion of rationing, work force, and crumbling economies.
* Germany left the war due to war-related shortages of food and fuel had brought the gov to almost collapsing
* The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required Russia to give up lands to Germany
* Russias withdrawal allows Germany to send all forced to the western front
* 6,000 cannons reach the Marne River with less the 40 miles away is Paris and perceived victory
* German military had weakened, effort to reach the Marne exhausted the men and supplies
◦ Sensing weakness, Allie’s with aid of abt 140,000 fresh American troops launched a counter attack
‣ USA soldiers where NEW but inexperienced yet courageous and eager to fight
* July 1918, allies and Germans battle the Second battle of the Marne
◦ 350 tanks smashing through German lines and 2 million more American troops
* Home front battled rationing and starvation
* The experience for women was fearful, yet they were allowed into the work force to help manufacture materials for the war as well as produce supplies and experimece dangers within the favorites. For civilians, they experienced rationing of materials as well as possible starvation and propaganda posters encouraged civilians to all be part of the war
- weak home front/nation leads to weak armies
Why did a regional European conflict emerge into a “world war”?
- Thesis: Factors of regional European conflict emerged as a world war by the European Empire consisting of allies across the globe and growing issues that set off threats in other parts of the world as well as the system of total war.
- Spread to serveral continents and requiered full resources of many govts
- New alliances of Japan into the side of the alliances and the Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria with Germany and the Central powers
◦ Widened conflict - Within Asia and Africa, British and French troops recruited subjects in their colonies to help the struggle
◦ Troops consisted of laborers from India, South Africa, ect. and many died or worked to keep the frontlines supplied
◦ Some wanted nothing to do with the war while others believed their service would lead to freedom - German Submarine attack on the Lusitania, killed 128 US citizens/intercepted telegram from Germnay asking Mexico to become allies and recounquer land in America called the USA into the war
- America and Britian had common language and similar values, therefore they joined on the side of the allies
- Aspect of total war brought whole population of a country into the factors of war
Examine the causes of World War 1. At what point was large scale conflict inevibable?
- Thesis: The aspect of WW1 was caused by the factors of MANIA with the growing conflict of Austria-Hungry and Serbia relating to power and force of alliances impacting the inevitable large conflict of war.
- Explain MANIA
- Europe was failing while other parts were improving and the industrial rev lead to higher living standards
- Conflict amoungst type of rulings against monarchs and nationalism
- European leaders saw war as a way to secure their countries position/protect it from changes
- The system of alliances (Triple alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungy, and Italy) (Tripoe entre, France, Russia, Britian)
- Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia and allies all contributed to the breakout of WW1
- Large conflict was inevitable when the Austro-Hungarian emporor was assassinated by members of a a group in Serbia called the Black Hand, Austria sent a demand to be allowed to invade and arrest all members of the Black Hand with 48 hrs to respond. At the last min, Serbia accepted the demand yet Austria still declared war in which tied in other alliances and their supports and values
