UNIT 3 - VOCAB Flashcards
the beliefs, values,practices, behaviors, and technologies shared by a society and passed down from generation to generation
Culture
material objects shared by a group, such as food or clothing
Culture Trait
visible objects and technologies that a culture creates, such as houses and buildings, clothing, tools, toys and land-use practices
Artifacts
structures and organizations that influence social behavior, such as families, governments, educational systems, and religious organizations; define the way people act around others and establish rules that govern behavior
Sociofacts
the central, enduring elements of a culture that reflect its shared ideas values knowledge and beliefs- are the slowest to change
Mentifacts
defined as the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices of ordinary people in society at a given point in time- tend to change quickly (technology helps speed up)
Popular Culture
composed of long-established behaviors, beliefs and practices that are passed down from generation to generation
Traditional Culture
shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group of people, play an important role in upholding traditions and keep traditional culture from changing
Cultural Norms
the tendency of ethic groups to evaluate other groups according to their preconceived ideas originating from their own culture
Ethnocentrism
the evaluation of a culture solely based on its unique standards
Cultural Relativism
a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values
Cultural Landscape
how humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others– how do cultural landscapes influence and reflect a group’s identity, and vice versa
Identity
the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape
Sequent Occupance
the state of religions to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics
Ethnicity
cultural landscapes within communities of people outside of their areas of origin
Ethnic Neighborhoods
established building styles of different cultures, religions, and places– was originally influenced by the environment and is based on localized needs and construction materials
Traditional Architecture
emerged in the 1960s as a reaction to “modern” designs, which emphasized form, structure, and materials
Postmodern Architecture:
system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes beliefs, and values– the motives behind observable cultural behaviors and practices
Religion
a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons
Pilgrimage
is the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities
Language
help define what is unique about a place, such as its geographic features or history
Toponyms
can exist in homes, workplaces, and public areas; can be supportive, positive places or restrictive places; more restrictive for women
Gendered Spaces
is one’s most innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both, or neither
Gender Identity
spaces of acceptance for people such as members of the LGBTQ+ community who are sometimes marginalized by society
Safe Spaces
the renovations and improvements conforming to middle class preferences
Gentrification
refers to a communal space such as a coffee shop, fitness center, or bookstore that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)
Third Place
fill a geographic location with meaning by connecting memories and feelings to it; continually adjusting, which impacts that person’s understanding of that place
Sense of Place
is a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play and learn
Placemaking
is a variation of a standard language specific to a general area; pronunciation, speed, word choice and spelling
Dialects
the people who are loyal to belief, religion, or organization
Adherents
separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations
Denominations
a small group that has separated from an established denomination
Sect
a force that unites a group of people
Centripetal Force
a force that divides groups of people
Centrifugal Force
the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place
Diffusion
where a trait often originates and initially diffuses, or spreads, from there
Cultural Hearth
Occurs when an aspect of culture spreads outward from where it originated
Expansion diffusion
occurs when an idea or cultural trait spreads adjacently or two people or places that are next door or adjoining one another
Contagious Diffusion
is that spread of an idea or treat from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places
Hierarchical Diffusion
occurs when the fundamental idea behind a cross cultural trait stimulates a new innovation
Stimulus Diffusion
a common language used among speakers of different languages as the conquered people adopted the language of the Conqueror
Lingua Franca
rather than leading to the adoption of a common cultural trait, interactions between cultures can result in two or more cultural elements blending together
Creolization
as cultures interact with one another, they become more similar, sharing and adopting one another’s ideas, innovations, and other cultural traits
Cultural Convergence
conflicting beliefs, or other barriers can cause two cultures to become less similar; can happen when a person or group moves away from their core culture and is exposed to new cultural traits
Cultural Divergence
where people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture
Acculturation
category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one culture adopting almost all the customs, traditions, language, and other cultural traits of the other
Assimilation
traits from two or more cultures blend together to form a new custom, idea, value, or practice (combining different cultural features into something new)
Syncretism
diverse cultures coexist within a shared space; people in these spaces do not belong solely to one culture or another; they may share some cultural features with others around them while retaining some of their original cultural traits
Multiculturalism
act of adopting elements of another culture; usually used to describe the adoption by a dominant culture of one or more elements of a minority culture
Cultural Appropriation
where people are expected to conform to collective responsibility within the family and be obedient to and respectful of elder family members
Collectivist Cultures
largest grouping of related languages and includes those languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or origin
Language Family
no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known language
Isolate
collection of languages within a family share a common origin and were separated from other branches and may some similarities in grammatical structure, but are so distinct that speakers of languages cannot understand each other
Language Branch
languages within a branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap
Language Groups
attempt to appeal to a wide variety of people and are open to membership by all, regardless of a person’s location, language, or ethnicity
Universalizing Religion
closely tied with a particular ethnic group generally in a particular region
Ethnic Religion
