Unit 3-vertebral column

Question 1

shape of inferior facet of atlas and superior facet of axis

Answer 1

both are close to flat/convex, so allow gliding

Question 2

lateral flexion of atlantoaxial joint is coupled with______

Answer 2

contralateral rotation

Question 3

what ligaments are true stabilizers of the AC joint

Answer 3

coracoclavicular ligament complex: conoid and trapezoid

Question 4

inferior facets of lower cervical vertebrae

Answer 4

face anteriorly and inferiorly

Question 5

effect of prolonged forward head position

Answer 5

1. increase anterior shear
2. upper cervical extension
   - suboccipital muscles adaptively shorten

Question 6

limiting factors of VC flexion

Answer 6

posterior longitudinal ligament, posterior annulus fibers, facet joint capsule, extensors

Question 7

abductors of the shoulder at the GH

Answer 7

deltoid, supraspinatus

Question 8

upward rotators of the scapula

Answer 8

trapezius and serratus anterior

Question 9

limiting factors of VC extension

Answer 9

spinous processes, anterior longitudinal ligament facet joint capsule, size of disc

Question 10

thoracic vertebrae articulation with ribs

Answer 10

costovertebral: demi facet to vertebral body
costotransverse: oval facet to transverse process

Question 11

dynamic stability of GH joint

Answer 11

1. combination of muscle action and passive structures
2. gravity
3. joint reaction forces and friction

Question 12

facet joint motion during flexion

Answer 12

up glide

Question 13

facet joint motion during extension

Answer 13

down glide and posterior glide

Question 14

facet joint motion during lateral flexion

Answer 14

ipsilateral: down and posterior glide
contralateral: up glide

Question 15

alar ligaments

Answer 15

from axis (near dens) laterally and superiorly to medial side of occipital condyles and lateral mass of atlas

• stretched in neck flexion
• limits lateral flexion
• prevents distraction of c1 from c2

Question 16

facets of lower cervical vertebrae

Answer 16

superior: superior and posterior
inferior: inferior and anterior

Question 17

facet joints of lower cervical vertebrae

Answer 17

relatively lax, restrict lateral flexion and rotation

-oriented at about 45 degrees from frontal and horizontal plane

Question 18

atlanto-occipital motion

Answer 18

primarily flexion/extension
-flexion: occiput rolls anterior, slides posterior
-extension: occiput rolls posterior, slides anterior
rotation/lateral flexion: limited by joint capsule

Question 19

atlanto-axial motion

Answer 19

rotation (>50% of total rotation)

• about 45 degrees in each direction, limited by alar ligament
• lateral flexion: coupled with contralateral rotation
• flexion/extension

Question 20

lower cervical coupled motions: flexion

Answer 20

anterior translation with anterior rotation

Question 21

lower cervical coupled motions: extension

Answer 21

posterior translation with posterior rotation

Question 22

lower cervical coupled motions: lateral flexion

Answer 22

coupled with ipsilateral rotation

Question 23

lower cervical coupled motions: rotation

Answer 23

coupled with ipsilateral lateral flexion

Question 24

flexion/extension in T1-T6

Answer 24

limited b/c of rib cage, facets in frontal plane, extension limited by ligaments and spinous processes

Question 25

flexion/extension in T7-T12

Answer 25

facets closer to sagittal plane than in upper thoracic

Question 26

coupled motion of thoracic vertebra

Answer 26

lateral flexion coupled with rotation

Question 27

how thoracic rotation affects the ribs

Answer 27

causes distortion of the associated ribs because transverse processes articulate with posterior surface of rib and cartilage can move --scoliosis

Question 28

superior facets of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 28

medial and posterior

Question 29

inferior facets of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 29

lateral and anterior

Question 30

facet joint of sacral vertebrae

Answer 30

limited anterior shear in frontal plane because of shape | allows flexion/extension in saggital plane, resists rotation

Question 31

lumbosacral articulation

Answer 31

line parallel to superior aspect of sacrum--increase angle= increase shear force

Question 32

what causes axial compression of the column

Answer 32

gravity, muscles, ligaments

Question 33

shear force on the vertebral column

Answer 33

caused by force along the midplane of the disc primarily in facet joints secondary: disc (annulus fibrosus)

Question 34

sacroiliac motion

Answer 34

symmetrical and asymmetrical

Question 35

symmetrical sacroiliac motion

Answer 35

innominates move together - nutation: superior portion of sacrum moves anterior and inferior - counter nutation: superior portion of sacrum moves posterior and inferior - A/P pevic tilt

Question 36

asymmetrical sacroiliac motion

Answer 36

innominates move opposite; closed chain | causes pelvic torsion: motion at SI and pubic symphysis

Question 37

posterior muscles of the VC

Answer 37

capital extensors: suboccipital, spenius capitus and cervicis levator scap traps

Question 38

role of levator scap in VC

Answer 38

compresses the spinal column and causes some posterior shear that can offset anterior shear

Question 39

lateral muscles of VC

Answer 39

scalenes and SCM; control side to side head movement; low activation needed in normal upright sitting

Question 40

anterior muscles of VC

Answer 40

longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis

Question 41

effect of forward head posture

Answer 41

increased anterior shear, need more levator scap and semispinalis capitis upper cervical extension, need more supoccipital muscles to pull

Question 42

muscle synergies in the neck

Answer 42

anterior scalene and levator scap: stability in sagittal plane longus capitus/colli & upper trap, elevation of scapula