unit 3 topic 1 Flashcards
what is temporal and spatial scale
temporal scale- measuring ecological change over time
spatial scale- measuring ecological change over space or distance- an environmental gradient is created when abiotic factors change through space leading to a change in biodiversity
how do environment factors limit the distribution and abundance of species in an ecosystem
environmental factors that limit the distribution, growth or abundance of an organism or population are know as limiting factors- limiting factors are anything that constrains a population size and slow or stops it form growing this can be abiotic or biotic
classification system
Linnean system- based on different levels of similarity and physical features (dear king philip came over for good soup)
methods of reproduction
K and r strategist- r = high growth rate low survivability, K = low growth rate but high survivability
sexual vs Asexual reproduction- sexual reproduction (two parents) asexual reproduction (one parent)
molecular sequences- use DNA and amino acids sequences of proteins to compare similarity of molecular sequences across different organism
define the term clade
a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct)
assumption of cladistic
DNA consistently mutates within population as time progresses
when population from each other, mutation with each gene pool are occurring independently and accumulate over time
all the definition of species
species- a group of organism that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
biological species- the ability of two individuals to successfully produce viable, fertile offspring
phylogenetic species concept- how closely related individuals are evolving
what are interspecific hybrids and include an example
interspecific hybrids- when two species produce offspring by cross breeding this is due to them being incapable of producing gamest though meiosis
example- mules donkey + horse
species interaction
predator and prey relationship- organism which hunt and feed of each other
symbatic relationship
competition- the interaction between two species where the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of the other
pathogen- host relationship - pathogen dieses causing agent and host is organism that can potentially infected pathogen
symbatic relationship
mutualism- + + both species benefit
commensalism- + N one species benefits, the other is unaffected
parasitism- + - one specie benefits and one is negative effected
Amensalism - N - one species is harmed and the other is unaffected
define microhabitat and ecoregion
Microhabitat- a small area which differs somehow form surrounding habitat
ecoregion- large area that contains geographically distinct plant and animal communities
types of classification of ecosystem
Holdridge life zone classifications system classifies ecosystem using
-evapotranspiration- measure of plant and water supply in relation to plant and water demand
-annual precipitation- measure of rainfall
-bio temperature- measure the mean of all temperature
Specht’s classification system
classifies ecosystem based on the dominate venation
-foliage cover (%) of the tallest plant layer
-life form and height of tallest plant layer (stratum)
why is classifying ecosystem important
it is an important step towards effective ecosystem management which allows ecologist to effectively manage ecosystem in the future, including old-growth forest coral reefs, productive soils
process of stratified sampling
the purpose is to break down complex ecosystem and large population into subgroups or strata
it is useful when ecologist wish to measure abundance Distibution or diversity across environmental gradients
site selection- ecologist have to choose a site that is repetitive of the stratum being sampled
surveying techniques
-line transect
-belt transect
-quadrat
minimizing Bias
-use of large number
-use of random generators
-counting criteria
