unit 3: the benefits of music and musical training Flashcards
what is musical proficiency
musical intelligence
- skilled at performing = communicate emotional meaning through body gestures, facial expressions
what are types of musical intelligence
a. expert cognitive skills (thinking, planning)
b. expert motor skills (piano, guitar)
what are some questions from an aptitude test that can be asked regarding a person’s musical intelligence?
- I listen to music
- I move my fingers or feet when I hear music
- I have good rhythm
- I like to sing along with music
- enjoy singing and playing musical instruments
- recognizes musical patterns and tones easily
what are some early views of intelligence?
- person’s score on a standardized test = intelligent quotient (IQ)
*implies that intelligence is a SINGLE ability - Gardner’s theory of MULTIPLE intelligences
what are Gardner’s multiple intelligences (8)
- linguistic
- logical/mathematical
- musical
- bodily-kinaesthetic
- spacial
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalistic
define linguistic intelligence
- writers, poets, lawyers
- ability to understand and express language
define logical/mathematical intelligence
- scientists, engineers
- logic = planning, problem solving, common sense
define musical intelligence
- musicians, composers
- ability to produce or understand music
define bodily- kinaesthetic intelligence
- athletes, dancers, surgeons
- movement intelligence
- body intelligence (involves coordination)
define spacial intelligence
- architects, artists
- understand how things orient in a space
- ex: puzzles, parallel parking
define interpersonal intelligence
- educators, leaders
- interacting with others
define intrapersonal intelligence
- philosophers, psychologists
- understanding interactions with self
define naturalistic intelligence
- scientists, naturalists, conservationists
- understanding of nature
what is Gardner’s theory partly based on
his work with savants
what is a savant
people with severe mental disabilities and impaired social skills but have other extraordinary abilities (usually memory, math, art, or music)
*around 10% of people are considered savants
ex: Derek Paravicini = the British musical savant
what others can have musical intelligence
- people with Williams syndrome
what is Williams syndrome
- rare neurodevelopment disorder
- missing 26 genes from chromosome 7
- show severe intellectual impairment but… a great love of music (creative)
what is a child prodigy
- typically younger than 13
- performing at the level of a highly trained adult in a very demanding field of endeavour
- most long term studies are of GIFTED children (not necessarily prodigies)
how are the children followed
- children with high IQs followed for many years
- linked to many positive outcomes (academic and career success, physical health)
what is the problem with labeling kids as “gifted”
- treated differently by their parents and teachers = pressures from high expectations
- higher incidence of emotional problems = burnout, depression, low self-esteem but… becomes better with increasing age
what 3 factors are related to the development of music skills
- environmental factors
- motivational factors
- emotional factors
define environmental factors
- opportunities to participate in musical activities (observational learning)
- access to music lessons (earlier they begin, more time for practice)
- most professional musicians start lessons between ages 6-8
- over the course of many years can accumulate > 10 000 hours
define motivational factors
- intrinsic motivation
- extrinsic motivation
what is intrinsic motivation
- engage in activities for enjoyment, self-satisfaction
- determines persistence and how rewarding experience will be
what is extrinsic motivation
- engage in activities for other rewards
- support and encouragement from parents and teachers
- pressure (good and bad) from peers
define emotional factors
- positive beliefs about oneself
- coping with evaluation
what is positive beliefs about oneself
- self-efficacy (belief that we have what it takes to succeed)
- self-talk (explanations made about successes and failures)
what are those also called
attributions —> dispositional or situational
I got voted off American idol because…
a. I am a lousy singer
b. the other singers were better
what type of attributions?
a. dispositional
b. situational
I won first prize at the music festival because…
a. I am an amazing singer
b. the better singers messed up
a. dispositional
b. situaltional
is there a link between mental disorders and creativity?
remote associates test (RAT) to measure creative thinking
what is coping with evaluation
- stage fright
- performance anxiety
what are the symptoms of stage fright
- physical symptoms (sweating, trembling hands)
- cognitive symptoms (loss of concentration)
what happens during coping with evaluation
- event (or even thinking about it)
- person becomes “stressed out”
- brain sends massage to body to “prepare”
- activates the autonomic nervous system = flight or fight
- increased heart rate, BP, adrenaline
- person’s arousal level is >
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
tries to help you in case of emergency
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do
helps to calm you down
what happens when there is too much arousal
impairs musician’s performance
what are some sources of anxiety
- situational factors
ex: important audition or concert, role in the performance (soloist), size of audience - personally characteristics
ex: neuroticism and perfectionism
what is neuroticism
emotional instability
what is perfectionism
- striving for flawlessness (high expectations) —> tends to be related to intrinsic motivation ; high effort
- negative reactions to imperfection —> tends to be related to higher distress ; performance anxiety
what can you do to cope with performance anxiety
- reduce physical symptoms (deep breathing, meditation, yoga)
- reduce cognitive symptoms (improve self-talk)
ex: CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)
what is said about most automatic thoughts?
they are IRRATIONAL
- all or nothing thinking —> if I don’t perform perfectly, I’m a failure
- mental filter —> pick out one single negative and dwell on it
- jumping to conclusions
- catastrophizing
- “should” statements
what are the benefits of music education
musical training has been linked to:
- higher scores on IQ tests
- mathematical abilities
- verbal skills
why?
- attention skills
- memory
- confidence, self-esteem
