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Psychology of Music test 3 > unit 3: the benefits of music and musical training > Flashcards

unit 3: the benefits of music and musical training Flashcards

1
Q

what is musical proficiency

A

musical intelligence
- skilled at performing = communicate emotional meaning through body gestures, facial expressions

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2
Q

what are types of musical intelligence

A

a. expert cognitive skills (thinking, planning)
b. expert motor skills (piano, guitar)

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3
Q

what are some questions from an aptitude test that can be asked regarding a person’s musical intelligence?

A
  • I listen to music
  • I move my fingers or feet when I hear music
  • I have good rhythm
  • I like to sing along with music
  • enjoy singing and playing musical instruments
  • recognizes musical patterns and tones easily
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4
Q

what are some early views of intelligence?

A
  • person’s score on a standardized test = intelligent quotient (IQ)
    *implies that intelligence is a SINGLE ability
  • Gardner’s theory of MULTIPLE intelligences
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5
Q

what are Gardner’s multiple intelligences (8)

A
  1. linguistic
  2. logical/mathematical
  3. musical
  4. bodily-kinaesthetic
  5. spacial
  6. interpersonal
  7. intrapersonal
  8. naturalistic
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6
Q

define linguistic intelligence

A
  • writers, poets, lawyers
  • ability to understand and express language
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7
Q

define logical/mathematical intelligence

A
  • scientists, engineers
  • logic = planning, problem solving, common sense
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8
Q

define musical intelligence

A
  • musicians, composers
  • ability to produce or understand music
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9
Q

define bodily- kinaesthetic intelligence

A
  • athletes, dancers, surgeons
  • movement intelligence
  • body intelligence (involves coordination)
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10
Q

define spacial intelligence

A
  • architects, artists
  • understand how things orient in a space
  • ex: puzzles, parallel parking
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11
Q

define interpersonal intelligence

A
  • educators, leaders
  • interacting with others
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12
Q

define intrapersonal intelligence

A
  • philosophers, psychologists
  • understanding interactions with self
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13
Q

define naturalistic intelligence

A
  • scientists, naturalists, conservationists
  • understanding of nature
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14
Q

what is Gardner’s theory partly based on

A

his work with savants

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15
Q

what is a savant

A

people with severe mental disabilities and impaired social skills but have other extraordinary abilities (usually memory, math, art, or music)

*around 10% of people are considered savants
ex: Derek Paravicini = the British musical savant

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16
Q

what others can have musical intelligence

A
  • people with Williams syndrome
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17
Q

what is Williams syndrome

A
  • rare neurodevelopment disorder
  • missing 26 genes from chromosome 7
  • show severe intellectual impairment but… a great love of music (creative)
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18
Q

what is a child prodigy

A
  • typically younger than 13
  • performing at the level of a highly trained adult in a very demanding field of endeavour
  • most long term studies are of GIFTED children (not necessarily prodigies)
19
Q

how are the children followed

A
  • children with high IQs followed for many years
  • linked to many positive outcomes (academic and career success, physical health)
20
Q

what is the problem with labeling kids as “gifted”

A
  • treated differently by their parents and teachers = pressures from high expectations
  • higher incidence of emotional problems = burnout, depression, low self-esteem but… becomes better with increasing age
21
Q

what 3 factors are related to the development of music skills

A
  1. environmental factors
  2. motivational factors
  3. emotional factors
22
Q

define environmental factors

A
  • opportunities to participate in musical activities (observational learning)
  • access to music lessons (earlier they begin, more time for practice)
  • most professional musicians start lessons between ages 6-8
  • over the course of many years can accumulate > 10 000 hours
23
Q

define motivational factors

A
  • intrinsic motivation
  • extrinsic motivation
24
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A
  • engage in activities for enjoyment, self-satisfaction
  • determines persistence and how rewarding experience will be
25
Q

what is extrinsic motivation

A
  • engage in activities for other rewards
  • support and encouragement from parents and teachers
  • pressure (good and bad) from peers
26
Q

define emotional factors

A
  1. positive beliefs about oneself
  2. coping with evaluation
27
Q

what is positive beliefs about oneself

A
  • self-efficacy (belief that we have what it takes to succeed)
  • self-talk (explanations made about successes and failures)
28
Q

what are those also called

A

attributions —> dispositional or situational

29
Q

I got voted off American idol because…
a. I am a lousy singer
b. the other singers were better

what type of attributions?

A

a. dispositional
b. situational

30
Q

I won first prize at the music festival because…
a. I am an amazing singer
b. the better singers messed up

A

a. dispositional
b. situaltional

31
Q

is there a link between mental disorders and creativity?

A

remote associates test (RAT) to measure creative thinking

32
Q

what is coping with evaluation

A
  • stage fright
  • performance anxiety
33
Q

what are the symptoms of stage fright

A
  1. physical symptoms (sweating, trembling hands)
  2. cognitive symptoms (loss of concentration)
34
Q

what happens during coping with evaluation

A
  • event (or even thinking about it)
  • person becomes “stressed out”
  • brain sends massage to body to “prepare”
  • activates the autonomic nervous system = flight or fight
  • increased heart rate, BP, adrenaline
  • person’s arousal level is >
35
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

tries to help you in case of emergency

36
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

helps to calm you down

37
Q

what happens when there is too much arousal

A

impairs musician’s performance

38
Q

what are some sources of anxiety

A
  • situational factors
    ex: important audition or concert, role in the performance (soloist), size of audience
  • personally characteristics
    ex: neuroticism and perfectionism
39
Q

what is neuroticism

A

emotional instability

40
Q

what is perfectionism

A
  • striving for flawlessness (high expectations) —> tends to be related to intrinsic motivation ; high effort
  • negative reactions to imperfection —> tends to be related to higher distress ; performance anxiety
41
Q

what can you do to cope with performance anxiety

A
  • reduce physical symptoms (deep breathing, meditation, yoga)
  • reduce cognitive symptoms (improve self-talk)

ex: CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)

42
Q

what is said about most automatic thoughts?

A

they are IRRATIONAL
- all or nothing thinking —> if I don’t perform perfectly, I’m a failure
- mental filter —> pick out one single negative and dwell on it
- jumping to conclusions
- catastrophizing
- “should” statements

43
Q

what are the benefits of music education

A

musical training has been linked to:
- higher scores on IQ tests
- mathematical abilities
- verbal skills

why?
- attention skills
- memory
- confidence, self-esteem

Psychology of Music test 3 (1 decks)

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