Unit 3 test Flashcards
Atheism
The rejection, or absence, of religious belief
Uniformitarianism
Geologist James Hutton’s theory that geological change consists of the slow accumulation of smaller changes- and these changes continue to happen in the present
Social Catholcism
Nineteenth-century European Catholic movement founded on the idea that the challenge to Christian society under industrialism was structural rather than personal
Second Industrial Revolution
Continuation of the earlier industrial revolution but with a focus on producing capital good (goods, such as steel and chemicals, used to produce other goods)
Social Darwinism
Misuse of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection to morally justify imperialism as a healthy competition among societies
Scientific Management
Management theory that increases the productivity of labor by breaking down manufacturing into small, distinct steps
Suffragists/Suffragettes
Suffragists- activists for women’s rights who worked peaceably and within the legal system for women’s rights
Suffragettes- European activists for women’s rights who favored confrontations aggressive action, and, whenever they thought it necessary, even violence in order to change society
Modernism
- To the Catholic Church in the early 20th century, a deplorable trend toward intellectual novelty that trivialized Scriptural truth and claimed “that there is nothing divine in sacred tradition”. 2. Highly diverse cultural movement that simultaneously rejects previous attitudes about how artists should work and resists the contemporary impersonality of mass-produced culture
Feminist Movement
A series of movements from the 19th century through the present day that aim to reform policies and practices that oppress the rights and well-being of women
Conference of Berlin
International conference (1884-1885) of European nations that established the standards by which any European country could claim an African territory over another European rival, touching off the “Scramble for Africa”
Boxer Rebellion
Violent attempt (1898-1901) by Chinese peasants, motivated by millennial Buddhist beliefs, to purge Westerners and Western culture from China
Friedrich Nietzsche
A philosopher that thought of nihlism, or a philosophical position of extreme skeptism that holds existence to be random, or even meaningless. We should have the courage to face awful reality as it is and live authentically while we live
Charles Darwin
An English naturalist and biologist that created the theory of evolution by natural selection, which is survival of the fittest to live and evolve into a new form
The White Man’s Burden
A poem written by Rudyard Kipling to rouse Americans to imperialist action, it started social Darwinism, which misused Darwin’s theory of evolution
Suez Canal
An artifical, man-made waterway connecting the Medeterrainian Sea and Red Sea; it cut down the time needed for ships to sail from Europe to India
Otto Von Bismark
Conservative Prussian Statesman who helped with German industrialization, and unified Germany and Prussia
Scramble for Africa
invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914
Russo-Japanese War
A fight between Russia and Japan for Manchuria, Korea, and the island of Sakhalin for rich resources and petroleum. Japan won, but received no territory and Russia did not have to pay for the costs of the conflict.
King Leopold II
a wealthy king of Belgium who gained colonies in the Congo and mistreated and killed millions of Africans
Mohandas Gandhi
A Hindu who changed from Western ways back to traditional Hindu ways and began a non-violent protest campaign against British rule in India
Relativity
In physics, the concept that every vantage point in the universe, whether moving or stationary, is as valid as every other vantage point; as a cultural metaphor, the new and possibly frightening idea that there are no fixed points, no absolute time, and no absolute space
Schlieffen Plan
Military strategy created by German chief of general staff Alfred Graf von Schlieffen in 1905 that called for German forces to circumvent French defenses by striking swiftly through Belgium and Luxembourg; this was exactly how Germany proceeded at the start of WWI nine years later
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Pact between England and Franc (1916) that took advantage of the Arab Revolt to divide dominions over the Middle East between the two nations
Bolsheviks/ Mensheviks
Bolsheviks- Political party led by Vladimir Lenin in the Russian Revolution that overthrew the Russian government in 1917, establishing a form of Communism that maintained power in the Soviet Union in 1991. A variation on classical Marxism, requiring the systematic use of violence, the establishment of a supposedly temporary dictatorship by Party members to effect the overthrow of pre-revolutionary practices, and the violent exportation of revolution to other countries
Mensheviks- faction of Russian revolution that was generally more moderate than the Bolsheviks and ultimately defeated by them in 1917
Arab Revolt
Uprising (1916) of the Middle Eastern Arab tribes against Turkish rule, which aimed to replace Ottoman imperial rule with autonomous Arab countries but instead furthered the European imperialist project by dividing the Middle East between France and England in the Sykes-Picot Agreement
Populism
As Lenin understood it, moral compromise dressed up as common sense; more generally, a political approachthat pits (often cynically) the common people against an (often imaginary or exaggerated) elite
Treaty of Versailles
Controversial agreements that formally ended World War I on June 28, 1919, but ruinous concessions demanded from a defeated Germany were a contributing factor in the run-up to World War II
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson’s proposal, presented to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, for rebuilding Europe in the aftermath of World War I; ultimately rejected because of French and British concerns
Sigmund Freud
Developed psychoanalysis, the technique of encouraging free association and repression of certain thoughts, as well as theories on dreams, sex, pleasure, and aggression
Franco-Prussian War
War in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.
Balance of Power
a situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power or the power held by a small group when larger groups are of equal strength.
Trench Warfare
Parallel lines of muddy ditches, separated by a “no-man’s land” of landmines and barbed wire Most fighting and living was done in these trenches, and they riddled the countries after the war
Machine guns/ HE artillery/ Smokeless powder
Machine guns- guns that could fire bullets at a rapid pace
HE artillery- shells that exploded on contact
Smokeless powder- gun powder that did not create smoke
These all changed the way that wars were fought and made them much more dangerous to fight in
Armenian Genocide
The Ottoman Empire’s systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects living in their historic homeland within Ottoman Turkey as well as those who lived in other parts of the territory constituting the present-day Republic of Turkey
Homefront
the domestic, economic, social and political histories of countries involved in that conflict. It covers the mobilization of armed forces and war supplies, but does not include the military history
Bloody Sunday
Unarmed demonstrators were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
Russian Revolution
Pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the USSR
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolshevik party that took over in Russia in 1917 and established Communist rule until 1991
Woodrow Wilson
President of the U.S, during WWI, creator of the Fourteen Points. Although it had good intentions, it was unworkable and created more problems
