Unit 3 Test

Question 1

Endogamy

Answer 1

Marriage to someone within one’s social group

Question 2

Exogamy

Answer 2

Marriage to someone outside one’s social group

Question 3

Monogamy

Answer 3

The practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at the same time

Question 4

Polygamy

Answer 4

The practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at one time

Question 5

Polyandry

Answer 5

The practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously

Question 6

Polygyny

Answer 6

The practice of having multiple wives simultaneously

Question 7

Nuclear family

Answer 7

Familiar form consisting of a mother, a father, and their children

Question 8

Extended family

Answer 8

Kin networks that extend outside of beyond the nuclear family

Question 9

Cohabitation

Answer 9

Living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning

Question 10

Kinship networks

Answer 10

Strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (i.e. marriage)

Question 11

Cult of domesticity

Answer 11

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing

Question 12

Second shift

Answer 12

Women’s responsibility for housework and childcare - everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes

Question 13

Miscegenation

Answer 13

The technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning “a mixing of kinds”; it is historically and politically charged, and sociologists generally prefer the term exogamy or outmarriage

Question 14

Education

Answer 14

The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed

Question 15

Hidden curriculum

Answer 15

The nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling

Question 16

Social capital

Answer 16

The information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks

Question 17

Tracking

Answer 17

A way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans

Question 18

Credentialism

Answer 18

An overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or job qualifications

Question 19

Affirmative action

Answer 19

A set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population - typically women, and historically disadvantaged racial minorities

Question 20

Social class or socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 20

An individual’s position in a stratified social order

Question 21

Cultural capital

Answer 21

The symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Question 22

Stereotype threat

Answer 22

When members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes

Question 23

Resource dilution model

Answer 23

Hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child gets a smaller amount of them

Question 24

Religion

Answer 24

A system of beliefs, systems, and practices around sacred things; a set of shared “stories” that guide belief and action

Question 25

Sacred

Answer 25

Holy things endowed with social status and often for worship and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of awe and wonder

Question 26

Profane

Answer 26

The things of mundane, everyday life

Question 27

Theism

Answer 27

The worship of a god, or gods, as in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism

Question 28

Ethicalism

Answer 28

The adherence to certain principles to lead to a moral life, as in Buddhism or Taoism

Question 29

Animism

Answer 29

The belief that spirits are part of the natural world, as in totemism

Question 30

Denominations

Answer 30

A big group of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella

Question 31

Congregations

Answer 31

A group of people who gather together, especially for worship

Question 32

Secularism

Answer 32

The general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief toward a rational, scientific orientation; a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state

Question 33

Pluralism

Answer 33

The presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

Question 34

Sacred canopy

Answer 34

Peter Berger’s term to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life - namely, the feeling that life is worth living and that reality is meaningful and ordered, not just random chaos

Question 35

Evangelicals

Answer 35

Members of any Christian denomination distinguished by 4 main beliefs: the Bible is without error, salvation comes only belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversion is the only path to salvation (the “born again” experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize by engaging with wider society

Question 36

Fundamentalists

Answer 36

Religious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Ouar’an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning

Question 37

Religious experience

Answer 37

An individual’s spiritual feelings, acts, and experiences

Question 38

Reflexive spirituality

Answer 38

A contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works

Question 39

Megachurch

Answer 39

Typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2000 worshippers per week

Question 40

Supernatural Compensators

Answer 40

Promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven

Question 41

Churches

Answer 41

Religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream, “safe” beliefs and practices relative to those of the general populations

Question 42

Sects or sectarian groups

Answer 42

High-tension organizations that don’t fit will with the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society’s least privileged - outcasts, minorities, or the poor - because they downplay worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises