unit 3 review guide Flashcards
What is the pathway of blood in and out of the heart in pulmonary and systemic circulation?
The pathway involves the heart pumping oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
What is the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries are small vessels where gas exchange occurs.
What are the major arteries and veins in the body and which regions do they serve?
Major arteries include the aorta (body), brachial artery (arm), and femoral artery (leg). Major veins include the superior vena cava (upper body) and inferior vena cava (lower body).
What is systolic and diastolic pressure?
Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during heartbeats, while diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart rests between beats.
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. The formula is CO = SV x HR, where SV is stroke volume and HR is heart rate.
What is the stroke volume for a normal, resting heart rate?
The stroke volume for a normal, resting heart rate is typically around 70 mL.
How does cardiac output help assess overall heart health?
Cardiac output indicates how well the heart is functioning to supply blood to the body.
How does an increased or decreased cardiac output impact the body?
Increased cardiac output can lead to higher blood pressure, while decreased output can result in inadequate blood flow to organs.
How can cardiovascular measurements and calculations be used to determine whether a person has PAD?
Measurements like ankle-brachial index can indicate peripheral artery disease (PAD), which is a condition of narrowed arteries reducing blood flow.
What is PAD?
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs.
Be familiar with the heart conduction system.
The heart conduction system includes the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, which coordinate heartbeats.
Be able to label an EKG with simple p, QRS, and t intervals.
An EKG shows the P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization).
What are the names of some funky rhythms?
Sinus rhythm- normal rhythm
Bradyarrhythmia - Abnormally slow resting heart rate
Tachyarrhythmias- abnormally fast heart rate
Sinus tachycardia- stressful situation heart rate
atrial fibrillation- irregular heartbeat/ very rapid
Ventricular Tachycardia- doesnt recieve enough oxygenated blood
What is a pacemaker and how does it help?
A pacemaker is a device that helps regulate the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses to the heart.
Label the respiratory system.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
How do we breathe?
We breathe by contracting the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, creating negative pressure that draws air into the lungs.
How is gas exchanged?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
Sheep Pluck Dissection - lung anatomy.
Lung anatomy includes lobes and fissures, which change shape during inhalation and exhalation.
Label a lung volume graph.
A lung volume graph measures tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing.
How does asthma affect flow rate?
Asthma can reduce airflow, leading to decreased peak expiratory flow rates.
What are the differences between viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi?
Viruses are non-living infectious agents, bacteria are single-celled organisms, protists are diverse eukaryotic microorganisms, and fungi are spore-producing organisms.
What are the different layers of skin?
The skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with distinct functions.
What is sepsis?
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body’s response to infection, leading to tissue damage and organ failure.
What are the signs and symptoms of sepsis?
Signs and symptoms include fever, increased heart rate, confusion, and difficulty breathing.
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance, absorbs fats from the digestive system, and plays a key role in immune function.
What are the two different types of immunity?
The two types of immunity are innate immunity (immediate, non-specific response) and acquired immunity (specific response developed after exposure).
How does innate immunity work?
Innate immunity provides a rapid, non-specific defense against pathogens through barriers and immune cells.
How does acquired immunity work?
Acquired immunity develops after exposure to specific pathogens, involving memory cells that provide long-lasting protection.
Be able to label the different parts of the eye.
Parts of the eye include the cornea, lens, retina, and optic nerve, each with specific functions.
What are the differences between a cow and a human eye?
Cow eyes have a reflective layer (tapetum lucidum) for night vision, while human eyes have a fovea for sharp vision.
Describe the pathway of light and how we are able to see.
Light enters the eye through the cornea, passes through the lens, and is focused on the retina, where it is converted to neural signals.
Be familiar with the different eye conditions.
Common eye conditions include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and cataracts.
How many lobes do the right and left lungs have respectively?
3 right, 2 left
True or False? The exchange of gas in the lungs occurs through osmosis.
False
What happens to the diaphragm when we exhale?
diaphragm relaxes
What is the total lung capacity (TLC) formula?
TLC = VC+RV
Residual volume is the ____________________.
amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
Asthma causes the airways to swell and produce extra mucus affecting the ability to breathe.
True
Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
True
chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left atrium
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
True or False?: Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, recycled blood plasma with white blood cells.
True
NOT a sign of sepsis?
NOT Lymphangitis is inflammation of the lymphatic vessels,
True or False? Cow eyes have a circlular pupil.
False
Which one of these statements regarding immunity is FALSE?
There are 2 different immunitys requied
Which of the following is FALSE about blood pressures?
One false statement about blood pressure is that the pressure is greater in veins than in arteries
True or False? A blood pressure of anything above 120/80 at rest is considered elevated and could lead to hypertension.
True
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Pupil
Lens
Vitreous humor
Tidal Volume (TV)
The volume of air breathed in and out
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maxiumum effort after normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation
Vital Capacity
VC= TV+IRV+ERV
Lung Volume
the volume of air in the lungs, measured at various phases of the respiratory cycle
Nodes of the heart
The SA node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers to contract. The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.
Gas exchange
Aveoli carries O2 to the body
CO2 is removed from the body
Layers of the skin
Epirdermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Sweat glands, sebaceous oil glands, arrector pili muscle
Epirdermis
“Above the skin” top layer of skin
Keratin (fiberous protein)- main component of hair
Dermis
“Skin” very sensitive
Collagen +Elastin: proteins found in the Dermis
Hypodermis
“Below the skin” - Contains fat tissue, blood vesssels, and connective tissue
Sweat Glands
Sweat glands in the skin secrete sweat , temperature control and release of pheromone
Sebaceous oil glands
Protect your skin from becoming too dry.
Arrector pili muscle
Helps maintain homeostasis, flex hairs
Asthma + Medication
Albutrol (short term) + Fluticasone (long term)
Cardiac Output
CO= SV volume of blood pumped with heartbeat x HR beats/min
Systolic BP
top # when looking at BP
Diastolic Pressure
At rest (bottom #)
