Unit 3 Review - AP Government

Question 1

What is the Free Exercise Clause?

Answer 1

Congress shall make no law restricting free exercise of religion

Question 2

Wisconsin v Yoder

Answer 2

Wisconsin law compelling Amish students to attend school past the 8th grade. Which goes against their (Amish) religious belief) - has to do with Free Exercise Clause

Question 3

What is Establishment Clause?

Answer 3

No government can designate a religion as the offical state religion and no government can force people to engage in religious exercises.

Question 4

Engel v Vitale

Answer 4

NY state government created a prayer to be read each day in public schools. Parents thought that violated the separation of church and state. Violated Establishment Clause - Violated Establishment Clause because government wrote the prayer, and the audience was too young (elementary school). The government had too much involvement in religion.

Question 5

Tinker v Des Moines

Answer 5

Students were suspended for wearing black arms as a way to protest the Vietnam War. The students were told not to wear them. When they did, they were suspended. They sued saying that violated their freedom of speech. The speech is political and the school can’t punish because it didn’t disturb the school like the “Bong Hits for Jesus” banner did.
(Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment)

Question 6

2ND Amendment

Answer 6

a well- regulated militia being necessary to the protection of a free state, the right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed”

Question 7

McDonald v Chicago

Answer 7

involved a handgun ban in Chicago.
*Constitutional Clause: 2nd Amendment applied to states through the Due Process Clause.
*Self defense and the right to bear arms = Fundamental Liberty

Question 8

4th Amendment

Answer 8

protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

Question 9

5th Amendment

Answer 9

Key protection is the protection vs. self-incrimination-leads to Miranda Rule (aka Miranda Rights): suspects must be read their rights when being questioned about a crime. “Right to remain silent…. Right to an Attorney……

Question 10

6th Amendment

Answer 10

key protection is the right to a lawyer.

Question 11

Gideon v Wainwright

Answer 11

require state courts to appoint attorneys for defendants who could not afford to retain counsel on their own

Question 12

8th Amendment

Answer 12

protects against excessive bail, fines and cruel and unusual punishment

Question 13

9th Amendment

Answer 13

Reserved rights: rights that people have even though they are not listed in the Constitution- Right to Privacy is the most important.

Question 14

Roe v Wade

Answer 14

Based on the right to privacy-extended that right to a right to abortion.

Question 15

Dobbs vs Jackson Women’s Health Organization:

Answer 15

overturned Roe v Wade. The right to abortion is not a fundamental liberty

Question 16

10th Amendment

Answer 16

powers not delegated to the national government nor denied to the states, are reserved to the states

Question 17

14th Amendment

Answer 17

Due Process Clause and Equal Protection clause

Question 18

Due Process Clause

Answer 18

no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law

Question 19

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 19

no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws

Question 20

Selective incorporation

Answer 20

the process used by the Supreme Court of applying the Bill of Rights to the states.

Question 21

15th amendment

Answer 21

gave Black males the right to vote

Question 22

17th amendment

Answer 22

voters directly elect senators (prior to this amendment they were appointed by state governments)

Question 23

19th amendment

Answer 23

gave women the right to vote

Question 24

26th amendment

Answer 24

18 year olds get the right to vote

Question 25

Voting Rights Act

Answer 25

outlawed racial discrimination in voting

Question 26

Plessy v Ferguson

Answer 26

a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”- Did not violate “Equal Protection Clause”

Question 27

Brown v Board of Education

Answer 27

overturned “separate but equal doctrine:
ordered “swift desegregation” of the public school system: segregated schools were in violation of the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause-ended De Jure segregation in public schools-led to the civil rights movement

Question 28

Affirmative Action

Answer 28

programs or policies implemented by government institutions and businesses that specifically help women and minority groups in the areas of education and employment

Question 29

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 29

Title VII of this law outlawed the use of sex discrimination in hiring, firing or pay related issues

Question 30

Strict scrutiny

Answer 30

the highest form of judicial review that courts use to evaluate the constitutionality of laws, regulations or other governmental policies under legal challenge. ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE

Question 31

What case created a middle ground-called “skeptical(intermediate) scrutiny: distinctions based on gender must be based on an “exceedingly persuasive justification?

Answer 31

U.S. v Virginia

Question 32

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 32

is federal legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities

Question 33

Schenk v US

Answer 33

Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of 1917 by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. (Freedom of Speech)

Question 34

Constitutional Clause

Answer 34

Freedom of Speech Clause in the first Amendment

Question 35

Mcdonald, Gideon, and Roe were cases that dealt with what clause?

Answer 35

Due Process Clause