Unit 3 Research Ethics Flashcards
Ethics
Using personal beliefs about what is right and wrong to guide your choices and actions
Utilitarian perspective
Decisions should do the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Altruistic perspective
involves helping others without personal benefit
Egosim perspective
individuals should act in accordance with their own self- interests
Research misconduct
serious breach of good research practice
examples of research misconduct
falsification
fabrication
plagiarism
the (4) factors affecting ethical research
1) scientific competition
2) societal norms
3) political influences
4) “trendy” research
3 P’s in soctial norms
Prescriptive: tell people what they should do (e.g., behave politely, follow laws).
Proscriptive: tell people what they shouldn’t do (e.g., don’t steal, don’t lie).
Perceptive: How people perceive the norms and whether they believe others are following them
what must a researcher acknowledge?
- previous studies
-limitations of the study
-limitations of equipment / instruments
difference between internal + external responsibility
internal: researchers
external: person not associated with study
examples of people who hold ‘external responsibility’ to look at the study (approve)
- Human subjects committee (REB)
- Scientific journal personnel (journal editors)
-Scientific community
RESEARCH ETHCS BOARD (REB)
Serves to protect the rights of human participants from physical, psychological or social harm.
Non-institutional (university, hospital) members of the community.
Journal editors and reviewers
Determining the quality of submitted work (could be bias)
Nuremberg Code
current ethical practice today is heavily influenced by this.. developed by military tribunals
what was the most important aspect of the Nuremberg code
voluntary consent is essential
4 aspects of the Nuremberg Code
1) capacity to consent
2) freedom from coercion
3) comprehension of the risks and benefits
4) competence of investigator
Declaration of Helsinki
Emphasized review of research protocols by an independent
(REB)
Belmont Report
Established basic ethical principles in research in the United States
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
- Cost-benefit analysis
Benefits must outweigh risks
3 main aspects of Belmont Report
1) respect for persons
2) autonomy
3) beneficence and non maleficence
difference between loss of confidently and loss autonomy?
confidentiality: risk of individuals to public scrutiny
autonomy: individuals responses cannot be linked to identity
P-Hacking
manipulating data for statistical significant
