Unit 3 Quiz 1 Flashcards
ch.7 and ch.9
Name the three main age structures and what they indicate
be able to identify them
pyramid: indicative of growth
column: indicative of stability
Inverted pyramid: indicative of decline
list 4 stages of demographic transition model & explain them to the best of your ablity
list:
-relationship between CBR and CDR
-Types of countries that exhibit this
-what happens to CBR and CDR
-Why does the country exhibit this
-How are children considered
-shape of age structure & meaning
phase 1: preindustrial
slow to no growth (CBR approx same as CDR)
No countries really exhibit this, more historical
BR and DR are high, due to infant mortality and lack of family planning & education
children are economical assets
Exaggerated pyramid shape : pop does not grow because so few individuals make it to reproductive age
stage 2: transitional/developing
exponential growth (CBR»CDR)
BR remains high (children are still an economic asset)
DR declines substantially (medicine & living conditions improve)
As pop progresses through phase two, population momentum goes down, and family planning access goes up
standard pyramid age structure, indicative of growth
phase 3: industrial/developed
pop growth slows (CBR>CDR) and eventually levels off.
education and access to family planning increase, more women enter workforce, people marry have children later
having children is an economic burden, big CBR drop
column age structure, stable
phase 4: post industrial (Developed)
pop declines slightly (CBR<CDR)
shrinking young pop struggles to support elderly pop
govt. may incentivize having kids
CBR doesn’t rise, CDR does due to elderly and natural causes
Inverted pyramid age structure, indicative of decline
in general, low income rural pops tend to generate ____ in respect to environment and resources
highly localized impacts but also have a solid interest in protecting and conserving their resources.
Tech can have varied impacts on our ____
positive vs. negative
environmental footprint
pos: can be used to enhance sustainability and efficiency
Neg: can increase our footprint and resource use.
only ___ of the human pop lives in developed countries, consuming over ___ of the world’s resources.
adjustments need to made to ensure other countries have ____
1/5, 1/2, room to grow
dam
a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water
reservoir
water body created by damming a river or stream
identify primary reasons humans have constructed dams
to do work
flood control
electricity
identify some benefits of building dams
power, controlling water flow, agriculture
identify some problems and challenges that arise with building and maintaining dams
uses energy, materials, displaces some people, environmental impacts, societal imapcts
fish ladder
Stairs with water flowing over them. Allow fish to swim upstream.
the area around a river that periodically floods
why is it important in human history
floodplain
replenished nutrients in soil throughout history, provided fertile land for civilizations
levee
an enlarged bank on each side of the river
identify primary reasons for levees
prevent flooding and control how far water can spread
Identify some of the problems and challenges that arise with building and maintaining levees
fertility of soil decreases
water can make it over top and erode and a huge hole in the leeve
aqueducts
a canal, ditch or pipe used to carry water from one place to another
identify primary reasons for which humans have constructed aqueducts
transporting clean water for various purposes, such as cleaning, drinking, cooking, etc.
identify some of the problems w/ building and maintaining aqueducts
expensive
disturbs habitats
downstream impacts
Water itself is abundant,
freshwater is rare __%
usable freshwater is rarer still __% of the previous portion
3%, less than 23%
artesian well
Created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer this works due to pressure
water table
uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates rock or soil. The top part of the aquifer
ground water that exists in the soil and in a multitude of small spaces found within porous layers of rock and sediment are called
aquifers
unconfined vs. confined aquifers
unconfined: made of prous rock covered by soil (water can easily flow in or out)
confined: surrounded by impermeable rock/clay, impedes water flow
ground water recharge
water from preci can percolate thru soil and work its way into an aquifer.
It is more difficult for confined aquifers to recharge.
impervious surfaces
reduce groundwater recharge
How can you increase water infiltration in urban areas
reducing impervious surface area
increase public transprt
build up vs. out
use more permable pavement
increase vegetation in urban areas
cone of depression
depression caused by high levels of water extraction
saltwater intrusion
when an aquifer neighbors an ocean, groundwater depletion can cause saltwater
drought
prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation
drought can have long term implications for:
water security: unconfined aquifers are rapidly depleted
soil quality: increased erosion results in topsoil and OM loss
desalinization
process of removing salt from saltwater
distillation: evaporation
reverse osmosis: uses a membrane
problems w desalinization
while it is promising, it is also energy intensive, expensive, and its wastes are challing to manage
types of irrigation
flood: easy, cheap, low tech. Not efficient. Waterlogs soil and can lead to salinization
furrow: easy and cheap. floods furrows instead of the whole plain
spray: more expensive and less energy efficient. can also lead to waterlogging, but not in humid environments.
drip: uses a slowly dripping hose on or beneath soil. most efficient with water but cost and labor intensive, especially w/ annual plants.
hydroponic agriculture
cultivation of crops and plants under greenhouse conditions w/ roots immersed in a nutrient rich solution
very efficient with resources.
super productive yields
limited in what you can grow (no grains)
roughly ___ of the world’s freshwater is used for industry
20%
roughly __ of the worlds freshwater is used for household use
10%
what allowed for massive human growth 400 years ago
trans atlantic slave trade
Malthusian trap:
populations set themselves up for overshoot and die off
Growth rate formula:
(CBR-CDR)/10
CBR and CDR:
crude birth and death rates per 1000 people
national population growth rate:
(CBR+immigration) - (CDR+emigration)
________________________________________
10
doubling time formula:
70/growth rate (%)
what factors influence CBR and CDR in human populations
density dependent: food, disease, space
density independent: climate, disasters
societal: family planning, education, war/religion, etc.
total fertility rate (tfr)
average number of children each woman in a population will bear
replacement level fertility
TFR required to sustain pop
TFR for industrialized countries
developing countries
2
3 or 4
Family planning
regulation of # or spacing of offspring through use of birth control
role of family planning and education in pop
reduce need/want for kids, women have less kids
