Unit 3 Psychology Flashcards
The __________________ is a stimulus that causes a response automatically. In Pavlov’s experiment, the _________ was the meat powder.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The ______________ is the automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiment the ______________ was the dog salivating.
unconditioned response (UCR)
Define neutral stimulus-
he paired a neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov chose to use a bell as the neutral stimulus which he rang every time he gave the dog the food.
a stimulus that would not produce the unconditioned response
Unconditioned
naturally
Conditioned
learned
Positive reinforcement
Increases behavior because it gives something good
Negative reinforcement
Increases behavior because it takes something bad away
Punishment
Decreases behavior because it gives us something unwanted
Fixed ratio
Reinforces only after specified number of responses (fixed number)
Variable ratio
Reinforces only after unpredictable number of responses (varied responses)
Fixed interval
Reinforces only after specified amount of time (fixed time)
Variable interval
Reinforces only after unpredictable amount of time (varied time)
Your history teacher is likely to give a pop quiz at any time.
Variable interval
Rosie works for a company where she receives a paycheck every other week.
Fixed interval
Jerry broke curfew, a strict rule of his parents, and as a result he had his car keys taken from him for a week.
Punishment
Roy has a card from Subway that he gets punched each time he purchases a sandwich and after 10.
Fixed Ratio
Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning)
a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior.
Episodic memory
Personally experienced events, a type of long term memory.
Procedural memory
Memorizing how to do things, also a type of long term memory.
Surface processing
Trying to simply memorize information (shallow processing or maintenance processing). This type of processing is not effective.
Deep processing
(elaborative processing) Deep processing tries to connect the new information with already learned information or with devices that allow that information to be put in and retrieved from memory easier.
Mnemonic devices
Memory devices that aid memorization through different aspects.
Sensory memory
All sensations from our environment come into our sensory memory, also called the sensory register. They only last for a quick moment and are gone if we don’t pay attention to them.
Short term memory
The storage component of working memory has a limited capacity of about 5-9 items or bits.
Long term memory
The permanent part of our memory. It has an unlimited capacity(unlike short term memory). Engrams are stored and encoded in our long term memory.
Chunking
A process by which we group similar bits of information into meaningful units, in order to remember more.
Semantic memory
Memories of general factual knowledge that you know, surface level memory.
All sensations from our environment come into our _________________ and they only last for a flash and if we do not paid attention to them.
1) short term memory
2) sensory memory
3) working memory
4) long term memory
2) sensory memory
Two types of long-term memory are __________and ___________ memory.
1) sensory, working
2) working, procedural
3) sensory, iconic
4) episodic, procedural
4) episodic, procedural
Two types of long-term memory are episodic and procedural memory. The difference is that episodic memory is remembering where you went on vacation, whereas an example of procedural memory is remembering
1) a personally experienced event
2) how to ride a bike
3) the temperature that water freezes
4) general facts
2) how to ride a bike
What part of the brain moves short term memory to long term memory?
1) The frontal lobes
2) temporal lobes
3) hippocampus
4) cerebellum
3) hippocampus
What part of the brain is involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses?
1) The frontal lobes
2) temporal lobes
3) hippocampus
4) cerebellum
4) cerebellum
Frontal lobes:
1. short term memory tasks
2. encoding of words or pictures
3. moves short term memory to long term memory
4. involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses
- short term memory tasks
Hippocampus:
1. short term memory tasks
2. encoding of words or pictures
3. moves short term memory to long term memory
4. involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses
- moves short term memory to long term memory
Cerebellum:
1. short term memory tasks
2. encoding of words or pictures
3. moves short term memory to long term memory
4. involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses
- involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses
Temporal lobes:
1. short term memory tasks
2. encoding of words or pictures
3. moves short term memory to long term memory
4. involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses
- encoding of words or pictures
All of the following are true of retrograde amnesia EXCEPT
1) it involves the loss of the ability to form new memories.
2) it involves losing the ability to recollect past memories
3) the ability to create new memories may remain intact
4) many movies have been made about this type of amnesia
1) it involves the loss of the ability to form new memories.
What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia involves the loss of the ability to form new memories. Retrograde amnesia involves losing the ability to recollect past memories, although the ability to create new memories may remain intact
State dependent and context are examples of how information can be
1) reconstructed and misremembered
2) reconstructed
3) misremembered
4) none of the above
1) reconstructed and misremembered
Ivan Pavlov came up with the theory of learning called
Classical Conditioning
You have a job at a retail store at the mall. You are paid every Friday for the previous week’s work. Your pay schedule is a
fixed interval
When learning occurs in Classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the ____________.
conditioned stimulus
J. Watson and R. Rayner
worked with a baby named little Albert to change a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus.
B.F. Skinner
trained animals to perform various activities based on reward and punishment
Albert Bandura
the bobo doll experiment to show observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
trained a dog using classical conditioning
