Unit 3- Populations Flashcards
Population Decline
Decrease in amount of people over time. Occurring in Japan and some parts of industrialized Europe. Creates a small labor force, a small number of consumers, and a large amount of older people consuming medical care and social security
Migration
The movement of people in or out of a population.
Immigration
The movement of people into a population.
Emigration
The movement of people out of a population.
Demographic Transition
The change from high birth rate and high death rate to low birth rate and low death rate.
Preindustrial
When there are high birth and high death rates. Low growth, relatively stable. Characterized by harsh living conditions (no sanitation, disease, war, famine, drought).
Transitional
Characterized by low death rates, high birth rates, explosive population growth, sanitation, food production, and health care.
Industrial
Characterized by low death rates, low birth rates, low, stable population growth, increased access to birth control and family planning, and better opportunities for women
Postindustrial
Characterized by a lower birth rate than death rate, population decline. 13% of the world’s population is in this state.
Human Population Growth
Increase in number of people.
Birth Rate
Births/1000 people/per year
Death Rate
Deaths/1000 people/per yea
Infant Mortality Rate
dead in first year of life/1000 born/per year
Fertility Rate
of children born to a woman in her lifetime
Total Fertility
The average number of children born to a woman in a country.
Replacement Level Fertility
of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. Worldwide = 2.4
Industrial Revolution
Occurred in the 1800s, caused human population growth to go from stable to exponential.
Age-Structure Diagrams
Show current and future population trends. Include expansive, stable, and constrictive.
Expansive
A kind of age-structure diagram with a wide bottom and narrow top. High birth rates and high death rates, usually caused by harsh environmental factors, no healthcare or sanitation. Little to no access to birth control.
LDC (Less Developed Country)
Usually these regions have expansive age-structure diagrams.
Stable
A kind of age-structure diagram that is generally rectangular, with a pointed top. Low birth and death rates, stable fertility and mortality rates.
MDC (More Developed Country)
Industrialized. Usually these regions have stable age-structure diagrams.
Constrictive
A kind of age-structure diagram that has a narrow bottom and wide top. Characterized by population decline, high number of older individuals.
Density
of individuals/area
Population Change
Births + Immigrants) - (Death + Emigrants)
Growth Rate
(Population Change)/(Initial Population). Expressed as a percent.
Irruptive
A kind of population change curve. The environment is unstable, some factor temporarily increases population and it later crashed
Opportunists
Organisms that thrive in irruptive growth curves. Ex. algae, bacteria, rodents, insects.
Survivorship Curve
Compares the loss of individuals of a population as they increase in age. Early loss characterizes r-selected species, late loss characterizes k-selected species.
Rule of 70
70/Growth Rate (in percentage) = Doubling Time (in years).
Doubling Time
How long it takes for a population to double, found by diving 70 by growth rate.q
Biotic Potential
The maximum rate a population will grow at with unlimited resources.
Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r)
Rate of growth of a population with unlimited resources.
Environmental Resistance
Slow population growth, below biotic potential. Growth rate is influenced by availability of resources and abiotic conditions.
Exponential
A growth curve with no environmental resistance, seemingly unlimited growth.
Logistic
A growth curve with environmental resistance, grows at the beginning and then stabilizes at a carrying capacity.
Carrying Capacity (k)
The maximum number of individuals an environment will support.
Minimum Viable Population
The smallest number of individuals necessary to ensure survival of a population.
