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PSYO 1011-02 - FINAL EXAM > Unit 3 - Part 1: Memory > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Part 1: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

(L.1) Memory

A

The ability to store and use information

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2
Q

(L.1) Memory can be: (2 things)

A

Explicit and implicit

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3
Q

(L.1) Explicit memory

A

The conscious recall of fact and events

E.x. riding a bike

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4
Q

(L.1) Implicit memory

A

The kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience.

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5
Q

(L.1) What are the 3 stages of explicit memory?

A

Sensory memory

Short-term memory/ working memory

Long-term memory

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6
Q

(L.1) Sensory memory

A

Large capacity, short duration

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7
Q

(L.1) Working memory

A

Small capacity, short duration

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8
Q

(L.1) Long Term memory

A

Very high capacity, long duration

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9
Q

(L.1) Visual Information is called?

A

Iconic Memory

Memory Aid: You can SEE an ICON

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10
Q

(L.1) What is the duration of Iconic Memory?

A

1/3 of a second

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11
Q

(L.1) Auditory Information

A

Echoic Memory

Memory Aid: You can HEAR an ECHO

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12
Q

(L.1) Who is H.M. (Henry Milason)

A

One of the most scientific case studies.

Was hit by a cyclist, had head injury, endured major seizures, had his lobes removed. His seizures were gone, but he could not form any new memories.

Could learn new tasks

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13
Q

(L.1) What do sensory memory stores do?

A

Holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.

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14
Q

(L.1) How big is the working memory’s capacity?

A

Average 7 units, but with a range from 5-9

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15
Q

(L.1) What is Chunking?

A

Breaking down a list of items into a smaller set of meaningful units

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16
Q

(L.1) What are the three stores of working memory?

A
  1. Visuospatial (visual)
  2. Phonological (linguistic)
  3. Episodic (experiential)
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17
Q

(L.1) What are the three processes of working memory?

A

Attending
Storing
Rehersing

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18
Q

(L.1) What is the central executive?

A

Manages multiple executive functions at once. Directs the working memory processes

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19
Q

(L.1) What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?

A

It provides storage for visual spatial sensations, such as images, photos, scenes, and/or 3D objects

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20
Q

(L.1) What is the Phonological Loop?

A

Provides extra storage for a limited number of digets or words up to 30 seconds at a time

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21
Q

(L.1) What is the Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position on the list

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22
Q

(L.1) What is the Primacy Effect?

A

Being able to recall items that are in long term memory

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23
Q

(L.1) What is the Recency Effect?

A

Being able to recall items in working memory

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24
Q

(L.2) Define Encoding

A

The process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information

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25
Q

(L.2) What are the two types of encoding?

A

Effortful Processing: Encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort

Automatic Processing: Encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task

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26
Q

(L.2) The more deeply you process something, the higher the what?

A

The higher the probability of recall

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27
Q

(L.2) If you saw the word BLUE, what kind of encoding is this?

A

Structural encoding

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28
Q

(L.2) What does structural encoding focus on?

A

The way something looks and its form

Low recall, shallow processing

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29
Q

(L.2) If someone asked you if two words rhymed, what kind of encoding would this be?

A

Phonemic encoding

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30
Q

(L.2) What does Phonemic encoding focus on?

A

The way something sounds

Medium recall, medium processing

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31
Q

(L.2) If someone asked you the meaning of a word, what kind of encoding would this be?

A

Semantic Memory

high recall, deep processing

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32
Q

(L.2) Rank the three types of encoding from the shallowest to the deepest

A

Shallow –> Deep

Structural, phonemic, semantic

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33
Q

(L.2) What is an Mnemonic Device?

A

A method devised to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acryonym.

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34
Q

(L.2) Consolidation

A

the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; the second stage of long term memory formation

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35
Q

(L.2) What is one of the most important thing for memory and consolidation?

A

Sleep

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36
Q

(L.2) What can have a profound effect on memory and consolidation?

A

Head injury

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37
Q

(L.2) Storage

A

When the brain organized the information for availability in the future. The third stage in long term memory formation

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38
Q

(L.2) Heirarchy

A

A way of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general

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39
Q

(L.2) Schema

A

Mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events.

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40
Q

(L.2) Retrieval

A

The recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage in long term memory formation

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41
Q

(L.2) Associative Network

A

A chain of associations between related concepts

42
Q

(L.2) Dual Coding theory

A

Theory proposing that visual and verbal information are processed by independent, non competing systems

43
Q

(L.1) Episodic Memory

A

Form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had

44
Q

(L.2) Levels of Processing

A

The concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it.

45
Q

(L.1) Procedural Memory

A

A kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behaviour or physical skill we have learned

46
Q

(L.1) Priming

A

A kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli

47
Q

(L.1) Rehersal

A

The process of repeatedly practising material so that it enters long term memory

48
Q

(L.2) If you were given the words jungle, hairy, and bananas, and were asked which word they all related to, what are you using?

A

Your associative network

49
Q

(L.2) What kind of memory is easier to recall than factual ones

A

Emotional memories

50
Q

(L.2) Flashbulb memory

A

A vivid memory for an emotional event of great significance

51
Q

(L.1) Classical Conditioning

A

Form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response

52
Q

(L.2) Retroactive interference

A

New experiences cause the forgetting of previously learned information

53
Q

(L.2) Proactive interference

A

Previous experiences interefere with learning new information

54
Q

(L.2) Interference

A

Disruption of memory because other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. Only works when things are similar, e.g. languages

55
Q

(L.2) What are the sins of omission?

A

The imperfections of memory and the act of forgetting.

Made up of:
Transience/decay
Absentmindedness
Blocking
Repression
56
Q

(L.2) What are the sins of commission?

A

The imperfections of memory and the use of memory as a reconstruction of the past.

Made up of: 
Misattribution
Consistency Bias
Persistence
Suggestibility
False memories
Recovered memories
57
Q

(L.2) Transience & Decay

A

Most common type of forgetfulness due to the fleeting nature of some memories

58
Q

(L.2) Absentmindedness

A

A form of forgetfulness that results from inattention

59
Q

(L.2) Blocking

A

The inability to retrieve some information once it is stored.

Tip of your tounge phenomena

60
Q

(L.2) Repression

A

A form of blocking in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited.

61
Q

(L.2) Misattribution

A

Belief that a memory came from one source when in fact it came from another

62
Q

(L.2) Consistency Bias

A

Selective recall of past events to fit our current belief

63
Q

(L.2) Persistence

A

The repeated recall of pleasant or unpleasant experience even when we activly try to forget them

64
Q

(L.2) Suggestibility

A

The problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source

65
Q

(L.2) False Memory

A

Memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something

66
Q

(L.2) Recovered memory

A

A memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness

67
Q

(L.2) Forgetting

A

The weakening or loss of memories over time

68
Q

(L.2) Forgetting curve

A

A graphic depiction of how we recall steadily declines over time

69
Q

(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Vision?

A

Occipital Lobe

70
Q

(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Hearing?

A

Temporal Lobe

71
Q

(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Touch?

A

Parietal lobe

72
Q

(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Taste?

A

Frontal and Temporal Lobe

73
Q

(L.3) What part of the brain is associated with Smell?

A

Olfactory Lobe

74
Q

(L.3) While the encoding of senses happens in the hippocampus, where are the memories stored long term?

A

The memories go back to their initial cortexes for long term storage

75
Q

(L.3) What 2 parts of the brain play a large role in working memory?

A

The Prefrontal cortex, and the Hippo Campus

76
Q

(L.3) What does the Prefrontal cortex do in regards to working memory?

A

Directs attention

Houses the Central executive

77
Q

(L.3) What does the Hippocampus do in regards to working memory?

A

Encodes episodic memories

Important in memory consolidation

78
Q

(L.3) What part of the brain is connected to emotional memory?

A

The Amygdala

79
Q

(L.3) What does the Amygdala do in regards to emotional memory?

A

Connects an event with emotional signifigance

80
Q

(L.3) If you damage your Amygdala, what happens to your emotional memory?

A

The damage will block the enhanced memory for emotional details, but it will not block the memory itself.

81
Q

(L.3) What are the two parts of the brain that affect implicit memory storage?

A

The Striatum & The Cerebellum

82
Q

(L.3) What are the two types of amnesia?

A

Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia

83
Q

(L.3) Anterograde Amnesia

A

The inability to remember events and experiences that occur AFTER an injury or the onset of a disease

Memory Aid: both after and anterograde start with A

84
Q

(L.3) Retrograde Amnesia

A

An inability to recall events and experience that happened BEFORE the onset injury

85
Q 
PART 1: H.M. had damage to which structure crucial for memory?
(A) Insula
(B) Hippocampus
(C) Thalamus
(D) Hypthalamus
A

(B) Hippocampus

86
Q 
PART 1: The brief traces of a touch or a smell left by the firing of neurons in the brain are examples of:
(A) Perceptual memory
(B) Long Term potentiation
(C) Implicit memory
(D) Sensory memory
A

(D) Sensory memory

87
Q 
PART 1: What kind of memory do we use to keep someone's phone number in mind right after we've learned it?
(A) Working memory
(B) Iconic memory
(C) Long-term memory
(D) Sensory memory
A

(A) Working memory

88
Q 
PART 1: What sort of memory allows us to perform skills, such as tying our shoes automatically, once we have mastered them?
(A) Explicit memory
(B) Declarative memory
(C) Procedural memory
(D) Echoic memory
A

(C) Procedural memory

89
Q

PART 1: For sensory input to make the transition from sensory memory to working memory to long-term memory, it must go through what four processing stages?
(A) Encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval
(B) Encoding, reconstruction, storage, and retrieval
(C) Encoding, consolidation, storage, and remembering
(D) Encoding, reconstruction, storage, and remembering

A

(A) Encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval

90
Q 
PART 1: The most common type of forgetting, the fleeting nature of some memories, is known as
(A) absent mindedness
(B) decay
(C) transience 
(D) blocking
A

(C) Transience

91
Q 
PART 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when we wrongly believe the memory came from one source when in fact it came from another.
(A) Misattribution
(B) Interference
(C) Decay
(D) Consistency bias
A

(A) Misattribution

92
Q 
PART 1: The fact that changing the wording of a question impacts people's recall for events illustrates which sin of memory?
(A) Persistence
(B) Traceability
(C) Rephrasing
(D) Suggestibility
A

(D) Suggestibility

93
Q 
PART 1: Selective recall of past events to fit our current beliefs is known as:
(A) Memory binding
(B) Consistency bias
(C) Faulty rendering
(D) Persistance
A

(B) Consistency bias

94
Q 
PART 1: When we actively try to recall information, especially words, from long term memory, we use the:
(A) Occipital cortex
(B) Prefrontal cortex
(C) Parietal Cortex
(D) Parahippocampal gryus
A

(B) Prefrontal cortex

95
Q 
PART 1: Rehearsal makes memories stick. So does what kind of experience?
(A) Drunkenness
(B) Storage
(C) Emotion
(D) Fatigue
A

(C) Emotion

96
Q 
PART 1: Complete this phrase: Neurons that \_\_\_\_\_ together \_\_\_\_\_ together.
(A) Grow; Sow
(B) Lie; Die
(C) Synapse; Degrade
(D) Fire; Wire
A

(D) Fire; Wire

97
Q 
PART 1: Both the timing and \_\_\_\_\_ of neural firing are crucial in making a memory permanent.
(A) Frequency
(B) Intensity
(C) Location
(D) Distance
A

(A) Frequency

98
Q 
PART 1: CREB is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_ that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses.
(A) Amino Acid
(B) Protein
(C) Neurotransmitter
(D) Enzyme
A

(B) Protein

99
Q 
PART 1: \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the inability to remember events and experiences that occur *after* an injury or the onset of a disease.
(A) Anterograde amnesia
(B) Retrograde amnesia
(C) Post traumatic amnesia
(D) Selective amnesia
A

(A) Anterograde Amnesia

100
Q 
PART 1: In terms of studying your course material, rereading notes and highlighting the book are both examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_ processing
(A) depth of
(B) staged
(C) shallow
(D) retroactive
A

(C) Shallow

101
Q

PART 1: Which of the following study approaches is most effective for long term memory?
(A) Rote rehearsal
(B) Studying large amounts of material in a few sessions
(C) Rereading the chapter
(D) Spacing out your study sessions to cover different topics in several sessions

A

(D) Spacing out your study sessions to cover different topics in several sessions

102
Q

PART 1: Which of the following helps you process new material more deeply?
(A) Making the material personally relevant
(B) Building up associations with new concepts
(C) Discussing the material
(D) All of the above

A

(D) All of the above

PSYO 1011-02 - FINAL EXAM (2 decks)

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