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Biology 3/4 > Unit 3 Outcome 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Outcome 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is dye usually added to the DNA before running through the gel?

A

Enables easy visibility of the solution in the well, and visually shows fragment separation.

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2
Q

Difference between these two agar plates:

Plate A: shows e.coli growth once the transformed plasmids have been added

Plate B: shows the same plate once the antibiotic Ampicillin has been added.

A

Plate A: all the bacteria grow evenly transformed and not transformed.

Plate B: no transformed bacteria die leaving only transformed bacteria to grow and form colonies.

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3
Q

Conclusion about the bacteria growing in Plate B:

A

All colonies would contain transformed bacteria containing resistance gene.

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4
Q

Name of substance required to ‘cut out’ the required gene?

A

Restriction Enzyme/Endonuclease

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5
Q

What happens during Denaturation?

A

Heat is used to open the double strand of DNA molecule. 94-95 C

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6
Q

What happens during Annealing?

A

Primers are added to the start and end of the strands. 50-56 C

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7
Q

What happens during Extension?

A

TAQ Polymerase complete duplication of each strand adding nucleotides. 72 C

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8
Q

How many fragments will there be after 5 PCR cycles?

A

2^5 = 2x2x2x2x2 = 32

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9
Q

What features of Taq polymerase makes it such a useful tool in gene technology?

A

Still works effectively at high temperatures and is not denatured at high temp.

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10
Q

What sub-units make up Taq polymerase?

A

Amino Acids

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11
Q

What is the name of the substance required for annealing?

A

Ligase

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12
Q

What is the purpose of attaching an antibiotic resistance gene to the plasmid.

A

Help distinguish between transformed bacteria containing selected gene and not transformed bacteria.

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13
Q

Suggest a reason why artificial insulin is more efficient way to produce insulin than extraction from a pig?

A

Larger quantities, more hygienic in a lab, cheaper, easier to control.

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14
Q

The production of insulin using plasmids is referred to as:

A

Transgenic organisms

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15
Q

What are the distinction between genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) and transgenic organisms?

A

GMO’s have DNA altered while transgenic organisms have wanted gene from another organism.

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16
Q

Difference between GMO and Transgenic organisms?

A

The key difference between GMO and transgenic organism is that GMO is an organism that has an artificially altered genome, while the transgenic organism is a GMO that has an altered genome containing a DNA sequence or gene from a different species.

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17
Q

Describe an ethical consideration in the production of insulin?

A

Religious beliefs against pork.

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18
Q

Role of Ribosomes:

A

Site of translation that builds specific protein sequences.

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19
Q

Role of Endoplasmic reticulum:

A

Transports proteins to other areas of the cell

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20
Q

Role of Golgi apparatus:

A

Processes and packages proteins for shipment usually out of the cell.

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21
Q

Targeting:

A

selecting the wanted gene

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22
Q

Binding:

A

Binding to PAM at target

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23
Q

Cleaving:

A

Cutting the DNA as targeted

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24
Q

DNA repair:

A

knocks in or out gene

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25
Q

What happens during translation of insulin, what are the steps?

A

mRNA is transcribed using tRNA to code and therefore create a specific amino acid sequence that produce the protein for insulin.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of PCR:

A
  • to copy a DNA sample
  • DNA amplification
  • produce large quantities of. DNA from a small sample.
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27
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA found in some bacteria. They usually carry genes useful to the bacterium.

28
Q

Reasoning behind the use of E.coli to produce insulin and benefits:

A
  • E.coli bacteria can be easily modified and divided.
  • It can offer rapid and economical production of recombinant proteins.
  • Low costs
  • Side effects are reduced
29
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A specific DNA sequence that codes for a particular protein. Basic physical unit of inheritance.

30
Q

Structural Gene vs Regulatory Gene

A

Structural gene:
A gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor.

Regulatory gene:
A gene is involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.

31
Q

What is mRNA?

A

mRNA molecules carry the genetic information needed to make proteins. They carry the information from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm where the proteins are made.

32
Q

What is rRNA?

A

exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein

33
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transports amino acids to the ribosomes. Each tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons on the mRNA.

34
Q

What is post-transcriptional modification?

A

The introns are removed and the exons are spliced together.

35
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The linear sequence of amino acids within a protein is considered the primary structure of the protein. A polypeptide sequence.

36
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Secondary structure refers to regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. Alpha helix shape.

37
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space.

38
Q

Sub-unit of proteins

A

amino acids

39
Q

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

A

To separate the DNA fragments based on size.

40
Q

Why do the smallest fragments travel through the gel the fastest?

A

because the gel has small pores through which small fragments can travel through faster.

41
Q

Purpose of adding blue ‘tracking’ dye to the DNA samples?

A

Makes it easier to load samples and visually track the DNA migration through the gel.

42
Q

how does an agarose gel separate DNA fragments of different lengths?

A

The DNA molecules move through the gel by ‘reptation’ through the pores of the gel.

43
Q

Restriction enzymes:

A

Enzymes that are used to cut DNA at particular recognition sequences. They can produce blunt ends or stick ends.

44
Q

What is Ligase?

A

An enzyme used to join segments of DNA together to act as a ‘glue’ for the DNA

45
Q

What are Vectors?

A

An agent such as a plasmid or a virus that is able to transport DNA into the cell of interest

46
Q

What are Probes?

A

Probes are used to highlight a segment of DNA of interest.

47
Q

DNA is __________ charged

A

negatively

48
Q

Nucleotides are connected together via ________ reactions

A

condensation

49
Q

How do the DNA nucleotides arrange themselves?

A

The resulting chain of sugars and phosphates form a backbone, with the nitrogenous bases facing outwards as a sequential code

50
Q

What are the different types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine(double ringed), guanine(double ringed), cytosine(single ringed), thymine/uracil (single ringed)

51
Q

Nitrogenous bases - double ringed =

A

purines

52
Q

Nitrogenous bases - double ringed =

A

pyrimidines

53
Q

When the nucleotides are joined together in a chain, the order of these bases will form

A

a genetic sequence that may encode for a particular characteristic of the cell or organism

54
Q

Types of nucleic acid

A

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA(ribonucleic acid)

55
Q

What does DNA do?

A

functions as the master copy of all genetic instructions and is stored in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

56
Q

What does RNA do?

A

is a transient copy that functions to transfer the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the rest of the cell

57
Q

DNA vs RNA differences:

A

of strands:

Pentose sugar:
DNA = Deoxyribose
RNA = Ribose

Base composition:
DNA = Uses thymine (T)
RNA = Uses Uracil (U)

DNA = Double strand (forms a double helix)
RNA = Single strand (may coil into shapes)

58
Q

Two chains of DNA are held together by _______ bonding between complementary bases

A

hydrogen

59
Q

DNA Complementary bases:

A

Adenine = Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds)
Cytosine = Guanine (3 hydrogen bonds)

60
Q

The two DNA strands are described as being:

A

antiparallel (one strand runs 5’ → 3’ and the other strand runs 3’ → 5’)

61
Q

Main types of RNA:

A
  • Messenger RNA (nRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
62
Q

Role of mRNA:

A

a transcript copy of a specific DNA sequence (which encodes for the synthesis of a polypeptide)

63
Q

Role of rRNA:

A

a primary component of the ribosome and is responsible for its catalytic activity

64
Q

Role of tRNA:

A

carries the polypeptide subunits (amino acids) to the organelle responsible for synthesis (ribosome)

65
Q

What are polymers?

A

Polymers are molecules which are comprised of many repeating identical subunits, which are referred to as monomers. A condensation reaction is energy-requiring and occurs when monomers join to form a polymer.

66
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The proteome refers to the complete set of proteins produced by a single cell or organism in an environment at a particular time.

67
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Proteins are polymers that are composed of monomers called amino acids. When two amino acids join, a peptide bond is formed.

Biology 3/4 (3 decks)

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