Unit 3 Notes

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

the shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society

Question 2

Cultural Traits

Answer 2

visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group culture

Question 3

Artifacts

Answer 3

Visible physical objects created by a culture (ex. houses, clothing, toys tools)

Question 4

Sociofacts

Answer 4

How a society behaves and organizes institutions (ex. Family, school, government, religion, land use, gender roles)

Question 5

Menifacts

Answer 5

The ideas beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture (ex. Religious beliefs, language, food preferences, and taboos)

Question 6

Cultural Norms

Answer 6

agreed-upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture

Question 7

Cultural Taboos

Answer 7

behaviors heavily by culture (ex. Eating meat, covering hair)

Question 8

ethnocentrism

Answer 8

judging other cultures in terms of one’s standards and often includes the belief that one’s own culture/ethnic group is better than others

Question 9

Cultural Relativism

Answer 9

An unbiased way of viewing another culture, the goal of this is to promote an understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture. No culture is superior to another culture when compared

Question 10

Cultural Landscape

Answer 10

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.

Question 11

Sequent Occupancy

Answer 11

The idea is that societies are cultural groups that leave their cultural implants when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall landscape over time. most cultural landscapes are a mixture of historic and modern structures.

Question 12

Ethnicity

Answer 12

Is a sense of belonging or identity within a group of people Bound by Common ancestry and culture. this is different from race which is based on physical characteristics

Question 13

Ethnic neighborhoods/enclaves

Answer 13

people of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location, typically within a major city

Question 14

Ethnic Patterns

Answer 14

there is oftentimes a predictable distribution of ethnicities that can be examined at multiple scales

Question 15

The role of women

Answer 15

In traditional cultures often the primary role of women is to have children, not to be active in education or the workforce

Question 16

Gendered Spaces

Answer 16

Places in the cultural landscape utilized to reinforce or accommodate gender roles for women and men

Question 17

Postmodern Architecture

Answer 17

Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic success

Question 18

Cultural Realm

Answer 18

areas of the world that share cultural traits such as language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, and or shared history (have a similar cultural landscape)

Question 19

Sense of Place

Answer 19

Unique attributes of a specific location cultural influences and feelings evoked by people in a place (Great Wall of China)

Question 19

Traditional Architecture

Answer 19

Influenced by the environment and built with available local materials. reflected of History culture and climate

Question 20

Centripetal Forces

Answer 20

characteristics that unify a country and provide stability (common ethnicity, language, religion

Question 21

Centrifugal Forces

Answer 21

characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict, and violence (multiple competing languages/religions)

Question 22

Cultural Hearth

Answer 22

the geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth.

Question 23

Diffusion

Answer 23

the movement or spread of cultural traits, knowledge, ideas, and trends from hearths to other geographic areas

Question 24

Relocation Diffusion

Answer 24

The spread of cultural traits through the migration of people. As people migrate their cultural traits with them (ex. The migration of Europeans to the Americans which resulted in the spread of Christianity and European languages)

Question 25

Expansion Diffusion

Answer 25

The spread of cultural traits through the interaction between people. There are 3 subtypes of expansion diffusion. (contagious, hierarchical, stimulus diffusion)

Question 26

Contagious Diffusion

Answer 26

When traits spread rapidly through close contact with people (COVID, malaria, TikTok trends)

Question 27

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 27

The spread of traits from the wealthy and famous down to the normal people

Question 28

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 28

The spread of traits from the bottom to the top of the social pyramid (French Revolution)

Question 29

Stimulus Diffusion

Answer 29

As cultural traits spread they get altered and modified because of cultural taboos. (different types of pizza)

Question 30

Imperialism

Answer 30

The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or Force

Question 31

Colonialism

Answer 31

when a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic and/or political gain

Question 32

Neocolonialism

Answer 32

new colonialism term to describe how more modern times imperialism can be pursued through the ascertain of political economic and cultural rather than occupation

Question 33

Trade

Answer 33

people interact to buy and sell Goods- interaction results in the exchange of cultural ideas. Ex. the Silk Road

Question 34

Pidgin Language

Answer 34

An extremely simplified, limited language used by two people who speak two different languages ( Papua New Guinea, Hawaii pigeon English)

Question 35

Creole Language

Answer 35

A pigeon language that develops into a new combined language with Native speakers. frequently developed through settings of colonialization or slavery. (cajun/Louisiana Creole)

Question 36

Lingua Franca

Answer 36

A common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication usually for business, trade, commerce, or popular culture

Question 37

Dialects

Answer 37

Variation and accent, grammar, accent usage, and spelling develop out of geographic distance or isolation

Question 38

Official Language

Answer 38

Used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps. can be centripetal or centrifugal force.

Question 39

Friction of distance

Answer 39

As cultural traits diffuse people who adopt it might alter them. Things change over distance/time

Question 40

Globalization

Answer 40

Is the trend toward increasing cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world without regard to borders or barriers

Question 41

Time-space compression/convergence

Answer 41

The shrinking of the world did improvements in communication and transportation technologies

Question 42

Cultural Convergence

Answer 42

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other’s traits to become more alike

Question 43

Cultural Divergence

Answer 43

Culture becomes less like due to both cultural and physical barriers. the process of a culture restricting contact with other cultures and attempting to retain its originality. separating/distinguishing from the mainstream.

Question 44

Language Family

Answer 44

largest group of related languages that are connected through a common, ancient ancestry and traced back to a common hearth

Question 45

Language Branch

Answer 45

a collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family and are now distinctive although related

Question 46

Language Group

Answer 46

a collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap (ex. Similarities between Portuguese, Italian and Spanish)

Question 47

Dialects

Answer 47

Variation of a standard language distinguished by differences in vocabulary and word choice, pronunciation, speed, and spelling. the smallest amount of speakers- developed due to migrations and isolation from the original language.

Question 48

Isogloss

Answer 48

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. lines that divide dialects