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Biology 2/2 > Unit 3 - Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the DNA helicase do?

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

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2
Q

Where does the replication fork end?

A

Where the hydrogen bonds are left unbroken

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3
Q

What does the single strand binding protein do?

A

They anneal to the strand to prevent them from reannealing

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4
Q

What does it mean to anneal?

A

To bond

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5
Q

What does the enzyme primase do?

A

Lays down RNA primers

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6
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do?

A

Creates strands using the template as a guide

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7
Q

Where direction is the leading strand built in?

A

5’ to 3’ (according to the new one)

Towards the replication fork

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8
Q

Which direction is the lagging strand built in?

A

3’ to 5’

Away from replication fork

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9
Q

The lagging strand is built in fragments, what are they called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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10
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Joins Okazaki fragments with phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

What do polymerase I and III do at the end?

A

Proofread for wrongly paired nucleotides then remove and replace them

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12
Q

What does DNA gyrase do?

A

Relieves tension from the unwinding of double helix

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13
Q

What bond keeps together DNAs backbone?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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14
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

During s phase

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15
Q

Why do we need to replicate DNA?

A

To keep DNA fresh and use it to make proteins

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16
Q

What are the three DNA replication models?

A

Conservative
Dispersive
Semi conservative

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17
Q

How does conservative DNA replication work?

A

Leaves original DNA strand intact and copies it

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18
Q

How does dispersive DNA replication work?

A

Produces two DNA molecules with sections of both old and new DNA in ever strand

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19
Q

How does semiconstructive DNA replication work?

A

Produces two DNA molecules with both an old strand and a new strand

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20
Q

What does re-annealing mean?

A

Coming back together

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21
Q

What happens to DNA when hydrogen bonds are formed?

A

It twists into a double helix

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22
Q

What is transcription?

A

The information in DNA is the transcribed into a complementary mRNA message

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23
Q

What is translation?

A

The ribosomes read the information in RNA and translate it to synthesize a protein

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24
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

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25
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer RNA

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26
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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27
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Copies DNA code and carries genetic information to the ribosomes

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28
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Makes up the ribosomes (along with proteins)

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29
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized

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30
Q

Where are mRNA and rRNA made?

A

In the nucleus

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31
Q

What is a codon?

A

Sequences of three bases

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32
Q

What are eukaryotes start codon?

A

AUG (methionine)

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33
Q

What are prokaryotes start codon?

A

Formyl methionine

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34
Q

What does a codon designate?

A

An amino acid

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35
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

36
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

37
Q

What shape is tRNA?

A

A clover-leaf

38
Q

What is the basic structure of tRNA?

A

It’s single stranded with an attachment site at one end

39
Q

What is the attachment site used for?

A

Carrying an amino acid

40
Q

What makes up the attachment site and why?

A

3 nucleotides that make up an anticodon to hold the complementary base pairs amino acid

41
Q

What does transcription create?

A

mRNA

42
Q

What does translation create?

A

Proteins or a polypeptide

43
Q

What are the names of the two DNA strands used in transcription?

A

Template strand

Coding strand

44
Q

Which DNA strand will be identical to mRNA (except for T -> U)?

A

Coding strand

45
Q

What are the four steps of transcription?

A

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination
4) post-transcriptional modification

46
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription initiation?

A

RNA polymerase

47
Q

What is a promoter region?

A

Location which is high in A-T base pairs (called tata box)

48
Q

Why is a promoter needed to initiate transcription?

A

The promoters bases only have two hydrogen bonds between them so they’re easier to break

49
Q

What happens in transcription initiation?

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region and unzips the double strand to expose the bases

50
Q

Where are promoters located on DNA?

A

Upstream of the gene

51
Q

What happens during transcription elongation?

A

RNA polymerase builds an mRNA strand off the template strand

52
Q

RNA polymerase catalyzes what in transcription elongation?

A

Formation of phosphodiester bonds

53
Q

What direction does transcription occur?

A

5’ –> 3’

54
Q

What happens in transcription termination?

A

RNA polymerase recognizes the termination and then releases the mRNA strand

55
Q

What happens during post-transcription modifications of mRNA?

A

1) spliced
2) adds 5’ cap
3) adds poly-A tail

56
Q

What is splicing?

A

The removal of introns using spliceosomes and ligation of exams

57
Q

What is an intron?

A

Non-coding region

58
Q

What is an exon?

A

Coding region

59
Q

What direction do ribosomes read mRNA?

A

5’ –> 3’

60
Q

What are the three steps of translation?

A

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination

61
Q

Why must mRNA be modified before leaving the nucleus?

A

To protect it in the cytoplasm where there are dangerous enzymes and such

62
Q

What happens during translation initiation?

A

Ribosomes recognize the 5’ cap and bind to mRNA

Start translation at the start codon

63
Q

What is the start codon used to ensure?

A

That the correct reading frame is used

64
Q

What are the two ribosomal sites that bind to tRNA

A

A (acceptor) site

P (peptide) site

65
Q

What is the a site?

A

Where tRNA brings a new amino acid

66
Q

What is the p site?

A

Where peptide bonds for, between amino acids in the growing polypeptide

67
Q

What happens during translation elongation?

A

tRNAs are released from the p site and then recycled

68
Q

What happens during translation termination?

A

The ribosomes reaches the stop codon and translation ends

69
Q

Where are operons located?

A

In prokaryotes

70
Q

What are two examples of operons?

A

Lac and trp

71
Q

What do operons accomplish?

A

Regulation of enzyme production

72
Q

Lac operon is what kind of operon regulation ? Trp?

A

Enzyme induction, enzyme repression

73
Q

What are the basics of operons?

A

Enzyme induction creates enzymes when the levels of effector are high (lactose for lac)
Enzyme repression stops making enzymes when effector levels are high (tryptophan for trp)

74
Q

What are the two classes of mutations?

A

Nucleotide mutations, and

Transposition mutations

75
Q

What are 3 examples of nucleotide mutation (point mutation)

A

1) silent mutation
2) missense mutation
3) nonsense mutation

76
Q

What are two examples of transposition mutation?

A

1) translocation

2) inversion

77
Q

What is silent mutation?

A

The change of a base that doesn’t change the amino acid

78
Q

What is missense mutation?

A

A substitution of a base that makes a different amino acid

79
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A subsection of a base in a codon that causes a stop codon to replace a codon that was once an amino acid

80
Q

What are frame shift mutations?

A

Changes in the reading frame caused by insertion or deletion of a base

81
Q

What is not considered a frame shift mutation?

A

The deleting or inserting of 3 bases

82
Q

What is translocation mutation?

A

Transfer of a fragment of DNA from one site in the genome to another location

83
Q

What is inversion mutation?

A

The reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome

84
Q

What is spontaneous mutation caused by?

A

Errors in DNA replication

85
Q

What can induced mutation be caused by?

A

Radiation, chemicals, etc

Biology 2/2 (2 decks)

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