Unit 3 Learning Checkpoint 1 Test Flashcards
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Energy, short term energy storage, structure
What is the function of lipids?
Structural support, long-term energy storage, cell signaling
What is the function of proteins?
Different types - storage, transport, structure, regulating cell processes, etc.
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Enable living things to reproduce components
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What is the monomer of lipids?
Fatty acids
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What is the function of an enzyme?
They catalyze reactions and help transport chemicals
What is the active site of an enzyme?
The location that one specific substrate fits into perfectly
What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured?
It no longer fits with substrates
What is ATP?
Energy for a cell
What does it mean to catalyze a reaction?
To speed up a process without being involved in it
What is ATP made of?
Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose, and THREE phosphate groups
What is ADP made of?
Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose, and TWO phosphate groups
What happens to ATP in the process of becoming ADP?
Water is added, a phosphate is released, and energy is released
What happens to ADP in the process of becoming ATP?
Water is released, a phosphate is added, and energy is added
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction that consumes energy
What is an exergonic reaction?
A reaction that produces energy
Describe prokaryotic cells.
Single-celled, no nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles
Describe eukaryotic cells.
Can be single-celled or multi-celled, has a nucleus, and has membrane-bound organelles
Can a plant cell or animal cell be prokaryotic?
No
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria
What is an example of a eukaryotic cell?
Plant cell (also: animal cell, etc.)
What four parts do all cells have?
Cell/plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA
What does the flagella do?
Propels the cell forward
What cells have flagella?
Prokaryotic cells
What do the pili do?
Allow cells to stick together
What cells have pili?
Prokaryotic cells
What do lysosomes do?
Breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used; breaks down junk
What cells have lysosomes?
Eukaryotic cells
What do ribosomes do?
Assemble proteins
What cells have ribosomes?
All cells
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from ER for storage or release
What cells have a Golgi apparatus?
Eukaryotic cells
What do mitochondria do?
Convert chemical energy in food to forms the cell can use
What cells have mitochondria?
Eukaryotic cells
What do chloroplasts do?
Capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy
What cells have chloroplasts?
Plant cells
What one thing do only animal cells have?
Centrioles
What three things do only plant cells have?
Chloroplasts, cell wall, and large vacuole
What are the three main components of the phospholipid bilayer?
Cholesterol, proteins, and phospholipids
What is the main function of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer?
To transport molecules in and out of the cell
What three factors affect the fluidity of the cell membrane?
Unsaturated vs. saturated, cholesterol, and temperature
Is the cell membrane saturated or unsaturated if the phospholipid tails are straight?
Saturated
How does cholesterol help to maintain fluidity of the cell membrane?
It prevents packing
How can temperature affect the fluidity of the cell membrane?
The higher the temperature, the more fluid the cell membrane
What is it called when you go from ADP to ATP?
Condensation
Is the cell membrane more fluid at high temperatures or low temperatures?
High temperatures
What is passive transport?
Goes from high to low (evening out), no energy required
What is active transport?
Goes from low to high (unnatural), energy required
What is it called when there is more salt on the outside of the cell than on the inside?
Hypertonic solution
What is it called when there is more salt on the inside of the cell than on the outside?
Hypotonic solution
What is it called when there is an even amount of salt on the inside and outside?
Isotonic solution
What is homeostasis?
How we resist change and maintain a stable internal environment
What may happen when a negative feedback loop is disrupted?
Disease may occur
What is a positive feedback loop?
A reaction that amplifies the change
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
Childbirth
What is a negative feedback loop?
A reaction that resists the change
What is an example of a negative feedback loop?
Temperature regulation
