Unit 3 - Latin America

Question 1

bureaucracies

Answer 1

a complex system of officials and workers who manage the activities of a government

Question 2

capitalism

Answer 2

an economic system in which all resources are privately owned and markets determine how those resources are distributed

Question 3

circumnavigate

Answer 3

travel completely around

Question 4

Columbian Exchange

Answer 4

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the eastern and western hemispheres

Question 5

conquistador

Answer 5

Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Question 6

entrepreneur

Answer 6

a person willing to take the risks involved in starting or running a business

Question 7

indentured servitude

Answer 7

a system by which a person agreed to work for a period of time in return for being transported to the Americas

Question 8

mercantilism

Answer 8

an economic philosophy that favored self-sufficiency, called for stockpiling gold and silver, encouraged exports, and discouraged imports

Question 9

middlemen

Answer 9

a person who provides a service that links two people or groups

Question 10

nation-state

Answer 10

a politically independent state whose people have a common culture and nationality

Question 11

revenue

Answer 11

income used to fund a nation’s expenses

Question 12

sovereign

Answer 12

self-governing and independent

Question 13

triangular trade

Answer 13

a colonial pattern of trade that involved the transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas, sugar and other products from the Americas to Europe, and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa

Question 14

Great Dying

Answer 14

the devastation of American Indian populations by diseases brought over from Europe

Question 15

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 15

agreement that split all not-yet-explored lands between Spain and Portugal

Question 16

Encomienda System

Answer 16

A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. In this system, a Spanish encomendero provided the native laborers protection from warring tribes, and taught them the Catholic faith. The native laborer paid tributes to the encomendero in the form of gold or other metals, or agricultural products.

Question 17

Christopher Columbus

Answer 17

an Italian sailor who persuaded Spain’s monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to fund a voyage westward across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1492, Columbus made his first voyage to the Americas. He later sailed to Cuba and Hispaniola. Columbus called the native peoples Indians, because he believed that he had reached the Indies.

Question 18

Amerigo Vespucci

Answer 18

Italian merchant and sailor made two trips across the Atlantic, in 1499 for Spain and in 1501 for Portugal. After his second voyage, which took him to Brazil, Vespucci described the western lands as a “new world.” A mapmaker in 1507 split the lands into two continents, and he named the southern one “America” after Vespucci.

Question 19

Hernán Cortés

Answer 19

Spanish conquistador who landed in Mexico in 1519. He and his small army of conquistadors marched inland where they fought some Native American groups and forged alliances with others. Cortés’ goal was to conquer the Aztec Empire.

Question 20

Francisco Pizzaro

Answer 20

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas of Peru in 1532. Pizzaro and his army destroyed the Inca capital at Cuzco and looted large amounts of gold and silver.

Question 21

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 21

Sailed around the Americas to Asia. Sailed from the Atlantic around the southern tip of South America and into the Pacific. He died in the Philippine Islands in 1521. The remaining members of his crew continued the voyage westward through the Indian Ocean, around Africa, and back to Spain, thus becoming the first to circumnavigate—sail completely around—the globe.