Unit 3 land-based empires

Question 1

Qing Dynasty

Answer 1

The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People’s Republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912. Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Question 2

Manchus

Answer 2

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China’s imperial dynasties.

Question 3

Mughal Empire

Answer 3

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Question 4

Ottoman Empire

Answer 4

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Question 5

Safavid Empire

Answer 5

A Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.

Question 6

Songhai

Answer 6

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal

Question 7

Devshirme

Answer 7

‘Selection’ in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units utilized by the Ottomans)

Question 8

Janissary

Answer 8

elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam

Question 9

Samurai

Answer 9

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Question 10

Divine Right

Answer 10

the idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Question 11

Absolute Monarchy

Answer 11

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Question 12

Versailles

Answer 12

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Question 13

Zamindars

Answer 13

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Question 14

Taj Mahal

Answer 14

beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles

Question 15

Tax Farming

Answer 15

To generate money for territorial expansion Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection system. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.

Question 16

Protestant Reformation

Answer 16

Religious reform movement begun by Catholic monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the ‘protesters’ forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Question 17

95 Theses

Answer 17

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther’s excommunication

Question 18

Martin Luther

Answer 18

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Began the Protestant Reformation

Question 19

Counter/Catholic Reformation

Answer 19

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected), ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits, but also the Inquisition

Question 20

Jesuits

Answer 20

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts

Question 21

Indulgences

Answer 21

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

Question 22

Simony

Answer 22

the buying and selling of church offices

Question 23

Inquisition

Answer 23

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation

Question 24

Thirty Years War

Answer 24

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia; indicates the effects of the Protestant Reformation

Question 25

John Calvin

Answer 25

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; believed in predestination

Question 26

Sikhism

Answer 26

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam; a result of the presence of the Mughal Empire in India

Question 27

Shogunate

Answer 27

The Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead.