Unit 3 Lab Flashcards
What is diffusion?
A slow process that puts limits on body form where organisms have to
1. Small body
2. Thin anatomy
3. Use circulatory system
Cardiovascular system is the
Closed circulatory system in humans
Gas exchange(cardiovascular system)
- deliver oxygen for cellular respiration
-Remove carbon dioxide for cellular respiration
Energy balance(cardiovascular system)
-deliver nutrients from digestion and absorption
-remove waste products to excretory organs
Osmo regulation/communication (cardiovascular system)
Carry water, ions and hormones throughout body
Three basic components of cardiovascular system
Circulatory fluid ,tubes ,and muscular pump
Circulatory fluid(cardiovascular system)
-blood. in human system.
-Carries gases, nutrients and molecules
Tubes(cardiovascular system)
Blood vessels in closed circuit
- arteries > capillaries > veins
Muscular pump(cardiovascular system)
-the heart
-Provides force to move blood
What are the three types of blood vessels in which blood only flows in One Direction?
Arteries, capillaries, and veins
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart by branching into arterioles and capillaries
Capillaries
Infiltrate organs thus allowing diffusion into cells
Veins
Capillaries merge into venules /veins to carry blood towards the heart
Blood vessels, double circulatory system
Blood go lungs back to heart and is pumped again to body tissues
-pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit
Pulmonary circuit(double circulatory system)
The vessel circuit that goes from heart to lungs to heart
Systemic circuit(double circulatory system)
Circuit that goes from heart to organs/muscles to heart
Pulmonary circuit, the arteries….
Arteries lack 02 and veins are oxygenated
What is the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle
-Fatigue-Resistant
-Tetanus-resistance
-auto-Resistant
What are the four muscular chambers of the heart contract?
- Atria- chambers where blood enters the heart
- ventricle-Chambers that contract to pump blood out of heart
Myocardium
Branching bundles, which will form circular or spiral masses that make up the heart chambers - made mostly of contractile cardiac muscle cells
- layer that contracts, infiltrated by crisscrossing connective tissue fibers called the fibrous, cardiac skeleton
Contractile cardiac muscle cells
Most of the muscle cells in heart are the specialized type which allowed pump to operate
How are cardiac muscle cells and how do they contract?
Striated and contract using sliding filament mechanism
What are the key differences of cardiac muscle cells compared to skeletal muscles?
-one nucleus
-Branched(reinforcement)
-short(strain resistant)
-inner calculated discs
What do the gap junctions in intercalated discs do?(cardiac muscle cells.)
Allow electrical impulses to transfer directly between cells
Where is heart located?
Located between longs posterior to the sternum anterior to the vertebral column and superior above the diaphragm
What membrane is the heart located?
Within mediastinum membrane that encloses medial cavity of the thorax
What ribs are the heart located near?
Expense obliquely from about second to the fifth rib, pointing down to the left
Where do the great vessels enter in the heart?
Enter in the top area
What membranes/tissues cover the heart
Fibrous pericardium, and two layer serous membrane
Fibrous pericardium
Tough/dense outer layer of connective tissue that
1. Protects hearts
2. Anchors heart
3. Provides resistance to overfilling
Two layer Serous membrane
Forms an enclosed fluid filled sack that allows heart to contract with minimal friction
-parietal layer, and epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Parietal layer (two layer serous membrane)
Outermembrane attached to pericardium
Epicardium(two layer serous membrane)
Inner layer part of the heart wall, outermost layer which offers protection and same functions as heart coverings
What layers make up the heart wall
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Endocardium
Connective tissue that lines, the inner chambers and reinforces valves
How is the myocardium arranged
Arranged into circular or spiral figure 8 bundles that formed the four chambers of the heart
What did the interlacing bundles of the myocardium do?
Effectively link all parts of heart together, which helps coordinate contraction of cardiac muscle
-tethered/grouped by crisscrossing connective to see fibers that make up the fibrous cardiac skeleton
What does fibrous cardiac skeleton give?
Give structure and provides contraction resistance
What does the fibrous cardiac skeleton arrange?
Arranges the cardiac muscle fibers into heart’s form
Where is the fibrous, cardiac skeleton thicker
Thicker in some areas around the valves and an electrical areas were extra reinforcement needed
Fibrous, cardiac skeleton provides needed:
-support for constant contraction
-Reinforcement around valves
-resistance to generate muscle force
-conduction guidance and heart cycle
What did the two atria of the four chambers do?
Two superior atria where blood enters into the heart via veins:
-right atria, left atria
Right atria
Low O2 blood returns from systemic circuit
Left atria
High O2 blood returns from pulmonary circuit
What do the two inferior ventricles of the four chambers do?
Where blood exits the heart out arteries:
-Right and left ventricle
Right ventricle
Low O2 blood sent to pulmonary circuit
Left ventricle
Hi O2, blood sent to the systemic circuit
Does the left ventricle have thicker myocardium?
Yes, much thicker because it has to push blood through the larger systemic circuit
Sulci(grooves)
-identify boundaries of chambers
-Provide spaces for coronary vessels which supply myocardium
-coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus
What does the coronary sulcus do?
A.k.a. atrial ventricular groove
-Separates ventricles/atria wrapping around the aorta
What does the anterior interventricular sulcus do?
Marks the interventricular septum and has space for interventricular artery
What does septa divide
Divide the four chambers
-Interventricular septum, interracial septum
What does the interventricular septum do?
Separates the ventricles; thick wall of cardiac muscle
Interatrial septum
Set the atria; thinner wall of muscle
-As a fetus used to have a hole called foramen-oval
-fossa ovalis: groove formed when foramen ovale closes after birth
Ligamentum arteriosum
Another sealed fetal structure
- vessel shunted blood flow from the pulmonary arteries to aorta since there is no need for oxygenation of blood in the fetal lungs
-link of these two great vessels closes and becomes a ligament after birth
Great vessels connect to the…. And ….
Atria and ventricles
Ascending aorta(great vessels)
-LV out to the systemic circuit
-Most important systemic artery
Pulmonary trunk(great vessels)
- RV out to the pulmonary circuit
-Divide to the left/right pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins(great vessels)
-bring high O2 blood into LA
- 4 vessels converge in LA
-
Superior and inferior vena cava(great vessels)
-bring low O2 blood into RA
-Two vessels converge in LA
Blood vessels that enter the right atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Superior vena cava entering right atrium
It returns deoxygenated blood from upper body to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava entering right atrium
It returns deoxygenated blood from lower body to the right atrium
Coronary sinus entering right atrium
Collect blood coming from the coronary veins after supplying oxygen to heart
Pulmonary trunk leaving right atrium
Deoxygenated blood sent to the lungs out this trunk and through the pulmonary arteries that branch between the two lungs
Blood vessels that leave the right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Blood vessels that enter the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins entering the left atrium
Enter into the left atrium, which makes up most of the heart space
-transport, oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart are best seen in posterior(red)
Blood vessels that leave the left ventricle
Aorta
Aorta leaving the left ventricle
Sense oxygenated blood from heart to the systemic circuit through the rest of the body
Coronary circuit
Separate circuit that supplies oxygen to heart muscle tissue
-left coronary artery: leaves aorta
-right coronary artery: leaves aorta
-branch into additional arteries and into capillaries
-merge into veins
-veins converge on coronary sinus, coronary sinus enters right atrium
Double circulation quick summary
Right ventricle pump’s blood outward to pulmonary arteries which go to capillaries in the lungs which returned via pulmonary vein to left atrium blood then flows to the left ventricle and is pumped outward via the aorta which branches into the upper body and lower body via arteries/capillaries after exchanging oxygen and nutrients
The right heart deals with the pushing blood to…
Pulmonary circuit
The left heart deals with pushing blood to
Systemic circuit
What do valves do?
Prevent the backflow of blood, help to ensure blood circulates in One Direction
-Four valves- atrial ventricular valves and semilunar valves
Atrial ventricular valves
Regulate blood flow between atriums and ventricles
Semilunar valves
Control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery
Backflow into the vena cava and pulmonary veins is limited by
Atrial contraction, compressing vessels
- no specific valves protecting the vena cava and pulmonary veins, but atrial contraction constricts these vessels at the entrance which thus limits backflow
