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Human Health and Development G12 > Unit 3 - Human health and Development > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Human health and Development Flashcards

1
Q

upper left - Brain

A

Frontal Lobe

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2
Q

Phineas Cage

A

September 13th, 1848
25 yo
Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Cavendish VT
“Tamping Iron”
Accident - no longer gage
Died 12 years later

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3
Q

Brainstem

A

Responsible for automatic survival functions

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4
Q

responsible for automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

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5
Q

Medulla

A

Controls heartbeat and breathing

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6
Q

Controls heartbeat and breathing

A

Medulla

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7
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays Messages

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8
Q

Relays Messages

A

Thalamus

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9
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination and balance

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10
Q

Coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Brainstem

A

Heart rate and breathing

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12
Q

Heart rate and breathing

A

Brainstem

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13
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Widespread connections
-Arousal of the brain as a whole
Reticular activating system RAS
-Maintains consciousness and alertness
-Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep

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14
Q

The Cerebellum

A

Helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

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15
Q

Helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

A

The Cerebellum

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16
Q

The Limbic System

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary amygdala, and hippocampus all deals with basic drives, emotions, and memory

Hippocampus - memory processing
Amygdala - aggression (fight) and fear (flight)

Hypothalamus - Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones)

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17
Q

Hypothalamus - Limbic System

A

neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities
-eating
-drinking
-body temperature
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
linked to emotion

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18
Q

Amygdala - Limbic system

A

two almond shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion and fear

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem
Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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20
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The body’s ultimate control and information processing center

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21
Q

Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A

frontal lobe - planning, decision making, speech
central sulcus - in between
parietal lobe - sensory
parieto occipital sulcus - in between
occipital lobe - vision
pre-occipital notch - in between
temporal lobe - auditory

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22
Q

Cerebral Cortex - Frontal Lobes

A
  • involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
  • the executive
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23
Q

Cerebral Cortex - Parietal Lobes

A
  • include the sensory cortex
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24
Q

Cerebral Cortex - Occipital Lobes

A

-Include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field

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25
Q

Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Lobes

A
  • includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
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26
Q

The Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal Lobe (forehead to top) - Motor Cortex
Parietal (top to rear) - Sensory Cortex
Occipital (back) - Visual Cortex
Temporal (above ears) - Auditory Cortex

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27
Q

Motor/Sensory Cortex

A

Contralateral (opposite side)
Homunculus (ilttle human)
Unequal representation - the brain focus on the motor movements are not equally distributed among the body. Most = hands and mouth

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28
Q

The Cerebral Cortex - Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damaging either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

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29
Q

The Cerebral Cortex - Broca’s area

A

An area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

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30
Q

The Cerebral Cortex - Wernicke’s Area

A

An area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression

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31
Q

Language Areas

A

Broca - Expression
Wernicke - Comprehension and reception
Aphasias

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32
Q

Paul Broca [1800s]

A

Suggested Localization

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33
Q

Techniques to examine functions of the brain

A
  1. Remove part
    of the brain &
    see what effect it
    has on behaviour
  2. Examine
    humans who
    have suffered
    brain damage
  3. Stimulate the brain
  4. Record brain activity
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34
Q

Brain Lateralization - Divided brains

A

Corpus Collosum - a large bundle of neural fibres (myelinated axons, or white matter) connecting the two hemispheres.

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35
Q

Hemispheric Specialization - LEFT

A

Symbolic thinking (language)
Detail
Literal meaning

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36
Q

Hemispheric Specialization - RIGHT

A

Spatial perception
Overall picture
Context
Metaphor

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37
Q

Contra-lateral division of labour

A

Right hemisphere controls left side of body and visual field
Left hemisphere controls right side of body and visual field

38
Q

Split brain patients

A

Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut to reduce seizures in the brain
lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced
Affected abilities related to naming objects in the left visual field

39
Q

Brain plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences
Persistent functional changes in the brain represent new knowledge
Age-dependent component
Brain injuries

40
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which the central
nervous system receives input from
the environment via sensory neurons
Bottom up processing

41
Q

Perception

A

The process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information
Top-Down Processing

42
Q

The psychophysics of sensation

A

Absolute threshold
- the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus with 50% accuracy
Subliminal stimulation
- below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness
– may affect behaviour without conscious awareness
Sensory adaptation/habituation
- diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

43
Q

The five major senses

A

Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell

44
Q

Vision - senses

A

Electromagnetic - occipital lobe

45
Q

Hearing - senses

A

Mechanical - Temporal lobe

46
Q

Touch - senses

A

Mechanical - Sensory cortex

47
Q

Taste - senses

A

Chemical - Gustatory insular cortex

48
Q

Smell - senses

A

chemical - olfactory bulb

49
Q

6-9th sense (hehe)

A

Vestibular
Proprioceptive
Temperature
Nociception

50
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Balance and motion - inner ear

51
Q

Proprioceptive - sense

A

Relative position of body parts - Parietal lobe

52
Q

Temperature - sense

A

Heat - thermoreceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex

53
Q

Nociception - sense

A

pain - Nociceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex

54
Q

Thresholds of the 5 major senses

A

Minimum:
Vision - candle flame, 30 miles, dark clear night
Hearing - clock at 20 feet under quiet conditions
Taste - one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons
Smell - one drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of six rooms
Touch - The wing of a fly falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 cm

55
Q

Retina

A

Retina at the back of the eye is part of the brain.
Rods - brightness,
cones - colours

56
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change throughout life through forming new connections between brain cells.

Environment, actions, and genetic factors play a significant role in plasticity.

Occurs at the beginning of life, in case of brain injury, and whenever something new is learned and memorized as an adult.

57
Q

Do you ever stop learning?

A

No. It was once believed that as we age, the connections in the brain become fixed and then simply fade, however it is found that people never stop learning.

58
Q

What can happen to a given brain function due to brain damage

A

If a part of your brain becomes paralyzed, slowly, the brain can shift the movement from the dead section to another part of your brain and begin to move it again.

This is called a functional shift.

59
Q

How does the environment affect neural plasticity

A
60
Q

Brainstem connections -

A

Brain, spinal chord

61
Q

Nervous system

A

Multiple tasks occur at the same time
The brain splits the larger task of driving int several smaller tasks

The brain manages the body through the nervous system.

62
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Made up of the brain, spinal cord, and neurons

Control and communication center for your entire body

Its job is to send and receive messages.

Control all your thoughts and movements

63
Q

Central Nervous System - neurons

A

Brain Cell - allows your brain to send messages to every part of your body

The brain has billions of them and they have many specialized jobs

64
Q

Neurotransmitters - neurons - central nervous system

A

Neurons communicate by releasing certain chemicals that are known as neurotransmitters.

Carry electrical-chemical messages

65
Q

Names of Neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine
Endorphins
Dopamine

66
Q

Norepinephrine - Neurotransmitters

A

Memory and learning, not enough is associated with depression

67
Q

Endorphins - Neurotransmitters

A

Like an opiate, it produces a feeling of well-being. Released during exercise, excitement, and pain.

68
Q

Dopamine - Neurotransmitter

A

Learning, emotional arousal, and movement. Too much = schizophrenia
Too little = Parkinsons

69
Q

Serotonin - Neurotransmitter

A

Sleep, mood, emotions,

70
Q

Spinal Cord-2nd part of CNS/Central Nervous System

A

Tubes of neurons run up the spine and attach to the brain stem

Receives and sends messages to the Peripheral Nervous System

71
Q

The Brain - 3rd part of the CNS/Central Nervous System

A

Command and main information center

Helps body respond to the information it receives from the senses

72
Q

Parts that need protection

A

Neurons - protected by myelin
Spinal Cord - protected by vertebrae
Bain - protected by skull

73
Q

What is the Peripheral NS

A

The smaller branches of nerves that reach the other parts of the body

Sends information to and from the Central Nervous System CNS

74
Q

Somatic SNS

A

Controls voluntary activities: actions that your body makes in response to impulses from the nerves

75
Q

Autonomic ANS

A

Controls involuntary activities

ex: breathing, blinking, digestion

76
Q

Sympathetic System

A

Prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity

ex: speeds up the heart to hasten the supply of oxygen and nutrients to body tissue
Decrease your digestion and immune system

77
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Works to decrease and save your body energy after strenuous activity.

Ex: Reduces heart rate and blood pressure. Brings the body back to a resting state.

78
Q

Nervous system simple summary

A

Brain as a central computer
+
Nervous system is like a network that relas messages

Spinal Cord carries messages

79
Q

Brain development in infants

A

Babies lose half of their neurons at birth. This process is referred to as pruning and may eliminate neurons that are not used.

Baby talk increases vocabulary.

When a change in behaviour happens, learning occurs.

80
Q

Early Brain Growth

A

During the first month of life, the number of connections or synapses dramatically increases.

The Child’s brain forms synapse at such a rate that it consumes twice as much energy as an adult brain. That furious pace continues for the child’s first decade of life

81
Q

Wernicke’s area - damage

A

result in receptive aphasia, where the person can speak but cannot understand language.

82
Q

Broca’s area - damage

A

result in expressive aphasia, where the person has difficulty speaking and forming sentences.

83
Q

Auditory cortex - damage

A

result in hearing loss or difficulties processing auditory information.

84
Q

Primary visual cortex - damage

A

result in visual impairments, including partial or total blindness.

85
Q

Thalamus - damage

A

result in sensory impairments, such as a loss of sensation or difficulty processing sensory information.

86
Q

Cerebellum damage

A

result in coordination and balance problems, as well as difficulties with fine motor skills.

87
Q

Cerebral cortex - damage

A

result in a wide range of symptoms, depending on which part of the cortex is affected. This can include problems with movement, sensation, language, and other cognitive functions.

88
Q

Medulla - damage

A

result in a range of symptoms, including breathing difficulties, blood pressure problems, and changes in heart rate.

89
Q

Pituitary gland - damage

A

result in hormonal imbalances, which can affect a wide range of bodily functions.

90
Q

Hypothalamus - damage

A

Result in a range of symptoms, including disruptions to sleep, body temperature, hunger and thirst, and emotional regulation.

Human Health and Development G12 (3 decks)

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