Unit 3: Homeostasis Part 2 - Immune and Endocrine System Flashcards
What is another name for pluripotent cells?
Stem cells
Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
In active immunity, the body creates its own antibodies whereas passive immunity involves injecting antibodies from somewhere else
What is the endocrine system?
A system of control through the production and release of hormones
What are the 2 major types of hormones?
Steroid - hormone and receptor will activate genes in the target cell’s nucleus (e.g. aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones)
Protein - hormone will attach to receptor on the outside of the cell’s membrane (e.g. growth factors, insulin, glucagon)
Growth hormone (GH)
produced in anterior pituitary; targets most cells (bone) for growth
Prolactin (PRL)
produced in anterior pituitary; targets breast tissue for milk production
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
produced in anterior pituitary; targets ovaries and testes for sperm and egg production
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
produced in anterior pituitary; targets thyroid to release thyroxine/calcitonin and parathyroid to release PTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
produced in anterior pituitary; targets adrenal cortex for long term stress
What is specific immunity?
the ability to resist an infection based on previous experience
What are antigens?
Proteins on cell membranes used for identification
What are islets of Langerhans?
specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon
Differences between insulin and glucagon
Insulin: produced by beta cells, decreases blood sugar
Glucagon: produced by alpha cells, increases blood sugar
What are hormones?
Chemicals that act as messengers; enabling one part of the body to give instructions to another part
How is the nervous system and the endocrine system different?
The nervous system allows for quick interactions with the environment with nerve impulses whereas the endocrine system allows for slower control within organs and tissues with hormones
Endocrine glands release hormones into the _____ or _____.
Blood or extracellular fluid (bodily fluids outside cells)
Protein hormones are ___ soluble and can ______.
Protein hormones are water soluble and can diffuse well into blood and extracellular fluid.
Steroid hormones are ___ soluble and can ______.
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can pass easily through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
What is a part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system?
the hypothalamus
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
produced in parathyroid gland; targets kidney, bones and intestine to increase blood calcium
thyroxine (T4)
produced in thyroid; targets body cells to increase metabolism
epinephrine
produced in the adrenal medulla; targets heart, bronchioles etc. to relieve short term stress
aldosterone
produced in the adrenal cortex; targets nephrons to increase blood pressure by increasing H2O & Na+ production
cortisol
produced in the adrenal cortex; targets blood to increase blood sugar by promoting breakdown of proteins and fats
Difference between the thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland (what they produce)
Thyroid gland: secretes hormones that have to do with metabolism, growth and development
Parathyroid gland: secretes hormones regulate calcium in the blood
oxytocin
produced in the posterior pituitary; targets the uterus to encourage contractions during childbirth
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
produced in the posterior pituitary; targets the kidney to increase water absorption
calcitonin
produced in the thyroid; targets the bones to decrease calcium in the blood
progesterone
produced in the corpus luteum; targets the anterior pituitary to decrease LH & FSH (negative feedback)
estrogen
produced in the follicle; targets the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH and increase LH
luteinizing hormone (LH)
produced in anterior pituitary; targets follicle/ovary to release egg and targets leydig cells/testes to release testosterone
inhibin
targets anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH release; produced in sertoli cells in males
What is diabetes mellitus?
A condition where the blood glucose level is not regulated properly due to a failure in the production or action of insulin
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
produced in the hypothalamus; targets the anterior pituitary to produce reproductive hormones (FSH, LH)
What are the two methods in which hormones bind to receptor cells and how are these methods determined?
- bind to receptors on the outside of membrane
- bind to receptors inside the cell
(determined by whether or not the hormone can penetrate the cell membrane)
List 4 effects that epinephrine has on the body.
- increases heart rate & blood pressure
- airways (bronchioles) dilate
- allows conversion of glycogen into glucose (metabolism)
- decrease digestion
Describe what happens with specific immunity.
- Macrophages (phagocytes) detect bacteria and engulf them
- Helper T cells come and attach to macrophages to “see what the bacteria looks like”
- Info. from helper T cells are transferred to killer T cells which destroy bacteria by dissolving their membranes
- Info. from helper T cells are also transferred to B cells, which create antibodies and remember
- Antibodies are created to fit over the bacteria’s antigen markers, so bacteria cannot attach to body cells
Which hormones are negative feedback for FSH and positive feedback for LH? (females)
Estrogen, progesterone and inhibin are negative feedback for both FSH and LH, but estrogen is positive feedback for LH
Which hormones are negative feedback for FSH and positive feedback for LH? (males)
Inhibit is negative feedback for FSH, and testosterone is positive feedback for FSH and negative for LH (and negative for testosterone)
How do antibodies work?
They cover antigen markers on the bacterial cells, so that they cannot attach to the body cells
cerebrum
motor activities and sensory info.
thalamus
interprets sensory input
hypothalamus
regulates basic homeostatic functions
cerebellum
muscle movement and balance
