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SBI 4UI > Unit 3: Homeostasis Part 2 - Immune and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 3: Homeostasis Part 2 - Immune and Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for pluripotent cells?

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

Differentiate between active and passive immunity.

A

In active immunity, the body creates its own antibodies whereas passive immunity involves injecting antibodies from somewhere else

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3
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system of control through the production and release of hormones

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4
Q

What are the 2 major types of hormones?

A

Steroid - hormone and receptor will activate genes in the target cell’s nucleus (e.g. aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones)
Protein - hormone will attach to receptor on the outside of the cell’s membrane (e.g. growth factors, insulin, glucagon)

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5
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

produced in anterior pituitary; targets most cells (bone) for growth

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6
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

produced in anterior pituitary; targets breast tissue for milk production

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7
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

produced in anterior pituitary; targets ovaries and testes for sperm and egg production

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8
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

produced in anterior pituitary; targets thyroid to release thyroxine/calcitonin and parathyroid to release PTH

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

produced in anterior pituitary; targets adrenal cortex for long term stress

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10
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

the ability to resist an infection based on previous experience

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11
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins on cell membranes used for identification

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12
Q

What are islets of Langerhans?

A

specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

Differences between insulin and glucagon

A

Insulin: produced by beta cells, decreases blood sugar
Glucagon: produced by alpha cells, increases blood sugar

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14
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals that act as messengers; enabling one part of the body to give instructions to another part

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15
Q

How is the nervous system and the endocrine system different?

A

The nervous system allows for quick interactions with the environment with nerve impulses whereas the endocrine system allows for slower control within organs and tissues with hormones

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16
Q

Endocrine glands release hormones into the _____ or _____.

A

Blood or extracellular fluid (bodily fluids outside cells)

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17
Q

Protein hormones are ___ soluble and can ______.

A

Protein hormones are water soluble and can diffuse well into blood and extracellular fluid.

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18
Q

Steroid hormones are ___ soluble and can ______.

A

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can pass easily through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

19
Q

What is a part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

the hypothalamus

20
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

produced in parathyroid gland; targets kidney, bones and intestine to increase blood calcium

21
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

produced in thyroid; targets body cells to increase metabolism

22
Q

epinephrine

A

produced in the adrenal medulla; targets heart, bronchioles etc. to relieve short term stress

23
Q

aldosterone

A

produced in the adrenal cortex; targets nephrons to increase blood pressure by increasing H2O & Na+ production

24
Q

cortisol

A

produced in the adrenal cortex; targets blood to increase blood sugar by promoting breakdown of proteins and fats

25
Q

Difference between the thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland (what they produce)

A

Thyroid gland: secretes hormones that have to do with metabolism, growth and development
Parathyroid gland: secretes hormones regulate calcium in the blood

26
Q

oxytocin

A

produced in the posterior pituitary; targets the uterus to encourage contractions during childbirth

27
Q

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

A

produced in the posterior pituitary; targets the kidney to increase water absorption

28
Q

calcitonin

A

produced in the thyroid; targets the bones to decrease calcium in the blood

29
Q

progesterone

A

produced in the corpus luteum; targets the anterior pituitary to decrease LH & FSH (negative feedback)

30
Q

estrogen

A

produced in the follicle; targets the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH and increase LH

31
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

produced in anterior pituitary; targets follicle/ovary to release egg and targets leydig cells/testes to release testosterone

32
Q

inhibin

A

targets anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH release; produced in sertoli cells in males

33
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A condition where the blood glucose level is not regulated properly due to a failure in the production or action of insulin

34
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

produced in the hypothalamus; targets the anterior pituitary to produce reproductive hormones (FSH, LH)

35
Q

What are the two methods in which hormones bind to receptor cells and how are these methods determined?

A
  1. bind to receptors on the outside of membrane
  2. bind to receptors inside the cell
    (determined by whether or not the hormone can penetrate the cell membrane)
36
Q

List 4 effects that epinephrine has on the body.

A
  1. increases heart rate & blood pressure
  2. airways (bronchioles) dilate
  3. allows conversion of glycogen into glucose (metabolism)
  4. decrease digestion
37
Q

Describe what happens with specific immunity.

A
  1. Macrophages (phagocytes) detect bacteria and engulf them
  2. Helper T cells come and attach to macrophages to “see what the bacteria looks like”
  3. Info. from helper T cells are transferred to killer T cells which destroy bacteria by dissolving their membranes
  4. Info. from helper T cells are also transferred to B cells, which create antibodies and remember
  5. Antibodies are created to fit over the bacteria’s antigen markers, so bacteria cannot attach to body cells
38
Q

Which hormones are negative feedback for FSH and positive feedback for LH? (females)

A

Estrogen, progesterone and inhibin are negative feedback for both FSH and LH, but estrogen is positive feedback for LH

39
Q

Which hormones are negative feedback for FSH and positive feedback for LH? (males)

A

Inhibit is negative feedback for FSH, and testosterone is positive feedback for FSH and negative for LH (and negative for testosterone)

40
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

They cover antigen markers on the bacterial cells, so that they cannot attach to the body cells

41
Q

cerebrum

A

motor activities and sensory info.

42
Q

thalamus

A

interprets sensory input

43
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates basic homeostatic functions

44
Q

cerebellum

A

muscle movement and balance

SBI 4UI (6 decks)

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