Unit 3: Homeostasis Part 2 - Immune and Endocrine System

Question 1

What is another name for pluripotent cells?

Answer 1

Stem cells

Question 2

Differentiate between active and passive immunity.

Answer 2

In active immunity, the body creates its own antibodies whereas passive immunity involves injecting antibodies from somewhere else

Question 3

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 3

A system of control through the production and release of hormones

Question 4

What are the 2 major types of hormones?

Answer 4

Steroid - hormone and receptor will activate genes in the target cell’s nucleus (e.g. aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones)
Protein - hormone will attach to receptor on the outside of the cell’s membrane (e.g. growth factors, insulin, glucagon)

Question 5

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 5

produced in anterior pituitary; targets most cells (bone) for growth

Question 6

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 6

produced in anterior pituitary; targets breast tissue for milk production

Question 7

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 7

produced in anterior pituitary; targets ovaries and testes for sperm and egg production

Question 8

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 8

produced in anterior pituitary; targets thyroid to release thyroxine/calcitonin and parathyroid to release PTH

Question 9

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 9

produced in anterior pituitary; targets adrenal cortex for long term stress

Question 10

What is specific immunity?

Answer 10

the ability to resist an infection based on previous experience

Question 11

What are antigens?

Answer 11

Proteins on cell membranes used for identification

Question 12

What are islets of Langerhans?

Answer 12

specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon

Question 13

Differences between insulin and glucagon

Answer 13

Insulin: produced by beta cells, decreases blood sugar
Glucagon: produced by alpha cells, increases blood sugar

Question 14

What are hormones?

Answer 14

Chemicals that act as messengers; enabling one part of the body to give instructions to another part

Question 15

How is the nervous system and the endocrine system different?

Answer 15

The nervous system allows for quick interactions with the environment with nerve impulses whereas the endocrine system allows for slower control within organs and tissues with hormones

Question 16

Endocrine glands release hormones into the _____ or _____.

Answer 16

Blood or extracellular fluid (bodily fluids outside cells)

Question 17

Protein hormones are ___ soluble and can ______.

Answer 17

Protein hormones are water soluble and can diffuse well into blood and extracellular fluid.

Question 18

Steroid hormones are ___ soluble and can ______.

Answer 18

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can pass easily through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Question 19

What is a part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Answer 19

the hypothalamus

Question 20

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 20

produced in parathyroid gland; targets kidney, bones and intestine to increase blood calcium

Question 21

thyroxine (T4)

Answer 21

produced in thyroid; targets body cells to increase metabolism

Question 22

epinephrine

Answer 22

produced in the adrenal medulla; targets heart, bronchioles etc. to relieve short term stress

Question 23

aldosterone

Answer 23

produced in the adrenal cortex; targets nephrons to increase blood pressure by increasing H2O & Na+ production

Question 24

cortisol

Answer 24

produced in the adrenal cortex; targets blood to increase blood sugar by promoting breakdown of proteins and fats

Question 25

Difference between the thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland (what they produce)

Answer 25

Thyroid gland: secretes hormones that have to do with metabolism, growth and development Parathyroid gland: secretes hormones regulate calcium in the blood

Question 26

oxytocin

Answer 26

produced in the posterior pituitary; targets the uterus to encourage contractions during childbirth

Question 27

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Answer 27

produced in the posterior pituitary; targets the kidney to increase water absorption

Question 28

calcitonin

Answer 28

produced in the thyroid; targets the bones to decrease calcium in the blood

Question 29

progesterone

Answer 29

produced in the corpus luteum; targets the anterior pituitary to decrease LH & FSH (negative feedback)

Question 30

estrogen

Answer 30

produced in the follicle; targets the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH and increase LH

Question 31

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 31

produced in anterior pituitary; targets follicle/ovary to release egg and targets leydig cells/testes to release testosterone

Question 32

inhibin

Answer 32

targets anterior pituitary to inhibit FSH release; produced in sertoli cells in males

Question 33

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 33

A condition where the blood glucose level is not regulated properly due to a failure in the production or action of insulin

Question 34

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 34

produced in the hypothalamus; targets the anterior pituitary to produce reproductive hormones (FSH, LH)

Question 35

What are the two methods in which hormones bind to receptor cells and how are these methods determined?

Answer 35

1. bind to receptors on the outside of membrane 2. bind to receptors inside the cell (determined by whether or not the hormone can penetrate the cell membrane)

Question 36

List 4 effects that epinephrine has on the body.

Answer 36

1. increases heart rate & blood pressure 2. airways (bronchioles) dilate 3. allows conversion of glycogen into glucose (metabolism) 4. decrease digestion

Question 37

Describe what happens with specific immunity.

Answer 37

1. Macrophages (phagocytes) detect bacteria and engulf them 2. Helper T cells come and attach to macrophages to "see what the bacteria looks like" 3. Info. from helper T cells are transferred to killer T cells which destroy bacteria by dissolving their membranes 4. Info. from helper T cells are also transferred to B cells, which create antibodies and remember 5. Antibodies are created to fit over the bacteria's antigen markers, so bacteria cannot attach to body cells

Question 38

Which hormones are negative feedback for FSH and positive feedback for LH? (females)

Answer 38

Estrogen, progesterone and inhibin are negative feedback for both FSH and LH, but estrogen is positive feedback for LH

Question 39

Which hormones are negative feedback for FSH and positive feedback for LH? (males)

Answer 39

Inhibit is negative feedback for FSH, and testosterone is positive feedback for FSH and negative for LH (and negative for testosterone)

Question 40

How do antibodies work?

Answer 40

They cover antigen markers on the bacterial cells, so that they cannot attach to the body cells

Question 41

cerebrum

Answer 41

motor activities and sensory info.

Question 42

thalamus

Answer 42

interprets sensory input

Question 43

hypothalamus

Answer 43

regulates basic homeostatic functions

Question 44

cerebellum

Answer 44

muscle movement and balance