Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security: Key terms + case studies Flashcards
food security!!!!
the availability and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet thee dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. improving food security in South Africa due to climate change - less rain and higher temperatures - irrigation is the most favoured adaption as water is the main limiting factor for agriculture in South Africa. other adaptions include substitution of crops, changes in planting times, and soil conservation measures
energy security!!!!
access to clean, reliable and affordable energy sources for cooking, heating, lighting, communications and productive uses. USA is a major producer of energy, but still is a net importer. they are trying to improve their energy security by overall increasing the range of different energy sources, using fracking (more efficient extraction) and increasing renewables.
water security
access to sufficient, sustainable quantities of clean water and sanitation. Sufficient in this context means enough water to sustain livelihoods, well-being, a food supply and socio-economic development as well protection from contaminated water (polluted water and water-linked diseases). Saudi Arabia does not have a
sustainable development
the idea that human societies must live and meet their need without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs
consumption
the process of using resources to satisfy human wants or needs
extreme poverty!!!!
when a person’s income is too low for basic human needs to be met, potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness. Cabo Verde just embarked on an ambitious goal: being the first country in Western and Central Africa to eradicate extreme poverty by 2026. they reduced extreme poverty from 22.6% in 2015 to 11.1% in 2022 due to greater investment in social protection policies.
new global middle class (NGMC)!!!!
yearly income of 3650 dollars and 36500 dollars. other sources say learning more than 10000 dollars yearly. Vietnam was one of the poorest countries in the world and is now a middle income country. there is no single reason for this, but a main reason is its proximity to China. as wages in china have risen, firms have relocated to low-cost Vietnam. they also have a young population (median 30 years). economic growth 6% average since 1990. government has made 5 year plans to guide its development and invests more than other MICs and LICs in education. has a free trade arrangement with South Korea and is a part of the Trans-Pacific Partnerships.
millennium development goals
a set of interrelated global targets for poverty reduction and human development. introduced in 2000 at the UN millennium summit. they were succeeded by the sustainable development goals in 2015
relative poverty
when a person’s income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society. asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative poverty e.g. when assets and earnings of the super rich balloon in value, poorer people - whose earnings are static despite the fact that they have experienced no material decline in wealth. to summarise, “the rich get richer while the poorest do not”
carrying capacity
the maximum number of people an area of land can support at current levels of technology
renewable resources
natural resources that can be replaced/replenished by the environment over a relatively short period of time e.g. forests regrowth occurs after wood has been cut provided the rate of use does not exceed the forests capacity to regenerate naturally
non-renewable resources!!!!
mineral and fossil fuel resources that are available only in limited supplies. car industry accounts for 60% of world’s lead use which is predicted to run out by 2030.
peak oil
the point when the maximum rate of global oil production is reached (likely to before 2030)
embedded water
a measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities (also known as water footprint attached to a product)
nutrition transition!!!!
a change of diet from staple carbohydrates toward meat and fish proteins and dairy products. this typically happens when incomes rise from 2 dollars a day to 10 dollars a day
