Unit 3: Genetics - Content flashcards
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Finish the sentence
RNA polymerase bonds to the ____ site of DNA
non-coding
Answer
What does RNA polymerase produce inside the DNA?
A complimentary mRNA strand
Answer
How many bases make up a codon?
3
Answer
What do codons code for?
Amino acids
Answer
How do genetics varients in the coding DNA affect the phenoytpe of an organism?
A phenotype is an expressed characteristic, and a genetic variation changes that
Answer
What are the complimentary bases?
A+T, G+C
Name defintion
What is the shape of DNA called?
Double Helix
Answer
What 3 types of graphs can be used to show how parents alleles can affect their offsprings alleles?
Punnet Square, Genetic Diagram & Family Trees
Name
Name 2 advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Adv: A lot of variation, better adaptability
Disadv: Slow, need mate
Name
Name 2 advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
Adv: fast, don’t need mate
Disadv: next to no variation, the species may only be suited to one habitat type
Answer
How many divisions in meiosis, and how many cells are produced?
2, and 4 haploid cells are produced from 1 diploid cell
Answer
What is meiosis for?
Making new gametes
Name
How many chromosomes do haploid cells have
23
Name
What type of structure is DNA?
Polymer (double helix ok too)
List
List all the structures that make up DNA
Nucleotides (base, deoxyribose sugar and phosphorus), weak hydrogen bonds
Name
What is a genome?
All the DNA of an organism
Answer
How do you extract DNA from a strawberry?
1- Crushit up
2 - Mix with sat and add washing up liquid
3 - Heat at 60 degrees for 5 mins
4 - Filter the liquid and keep the filtered liquid
5 - Cool in an ice bath and poor chilled ethanol on the filtrate
What did mendel do?
Discovered inheritance through peaplants
Why can males only have one allele
They have XY chromosomes, and the Y is too small to carry an allele
What does dominant mean (alleles)
An allele that will be expressed over another
What is recessive (alleles)
An allele that is NOT expressed over the other, unless the other allele is also recessive
What is a chromosome
A thin strand of DNA
What is:
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive
Heterozygous
Use a to represent rec. and A for dom.
(a) AA, (b) aa, (c) Aa/aA
What is a phenotype
An expressed characteristic, like eye colour
What is a zygote
A fertilised egg cell
What is meiosis?
The division of diploid cells to form gametes (eggs for women, sperm for men)
First, the cell ____ ____ of its ________, until it has double the amount of genetic info.
Makes copies
The cell, with 92 chromosomes divides _ times, so each ____ has __ chromosomes
(a) 2, (b) haploid, (c) 23
The cells that are produced by meiosis are called what?
Gametes
Finish the sentence
Then, after gametes are produced, after sexual reproduction, join at the egg and have __ chromosomes
46
How do flowering plants reproduce?
- Pollen is carried by insects, animals or the wind from one flower to the other
- Pollen reaches the new flower and travels to the ovary where it fertilises cells to make seeds
- The seeds are scattered by animals or wind
Name step 1 of protein synthesis
RNA polymerase unzips the 2 stands of DNA
Name step 2 of protein synthesis
One strand of DNA is used as a template to make a complimentary mRNA strand (Uracil replaces Thymine as the complimentary base to Adenine)
Name step 3 of protein synthesis
mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
Name step 4 of protein synthesis
mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Name step 5 of protein synthesis
tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome
Name step 6 of protein synthesis
Each tRNA has an anticodon that matches a codon on the mRNA
Name step 7 of protein synthesis
Amino acids then join together in a specific order dependant on the amindo acids present into a polyeptide chain (aka protein)
Name step 8 of protein synthesis (last step)
The protein folds into its final shape
