UNIT 3 Generic Topics + Examples Flashcards
Civil Society
all non-government groups, associations, and institutions that citizens form, join, and participate in
connection between state/political, economic interests, and family/personal/social
Civil Society Examples
NGOs, churches, charities, interest groups, media, civic organizations
AP College Board Theme (Unit 3)
LIBERTY + ORDER
- striking the ever-moving balance and acknowledging the tension
NGOS (Non-Governmental Organization)
any non-profit, voluntary citizen groups which are organized on the local, national or international level
NGO Responsibilites
- service and humanitarian functions
- bring citizen concerns to gov.
- advocate/monitor policies
- encourage political participation
Why is civil society important?
1) Discussion and exchange of ideas (very participatory)
2) Checking gov. power (ACCOUNTABILITY)
3) Key Driver in democratization (!!!)
- individualism and collectivism
- people taking action and changing
systems
Save the Children NGO
improve the lives of children through healthcare, education, aid, and economic development
120 Countries
Doctors Without Borders NGO
work in conflict zones, areas affected by natural disasters, and endemic diseases and focus on health, malnutrition, vaccines, and more
70+ Countries
Amnesty International NGO
promote and protect human rights through awareness campaigns and mobilizing the public against torture, death penalty, police brutality, and climate justice
150+ Countries
Politics
the struggles between individuals or groups to have the power to make decisions
Political Culture
- collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry
- norms of behavior IN the political system (EX: question time in the UK)
- sets expectations about the exercise of power to establish a balance between SOCIAL ORDER and INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY
Shapers of Political Culture
- THE RIGHTS OF THE INDVIDUAL (INDIVIDUALISM VC COLLECTIVISM)
- geography, race, class, age, education, language, history, sexuality, tradition, media, health
- HDI, GINI, TI, FST, FH
Political Socialization
PROCESS !
the lifelong process through which our opinions/beliefs/values are formed and shaped by interactions with family, friends, teachers, co-workers, etc. (shapes culture)
Political Socialization per CollegeBoard
Though many agents of socialization are similar across regime types, authoritarian regimes apply more concerned gov. pressures to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs than democratic regimes
Political Socialization Examples: UK
- Brexit
- Devolution
- Gradualism
- SNAP! elections
- Separation of church and state
- Monarch
-Social class
Political Socialization Examples: Nigeria
- Military
- British colonization
- Parastatal corruption
- Cleft country
- Islam (Sunni VS Shia)
Political Socialization Examples: Mexico
- NAFTA
- Liberation Theology
- Indigenous Rights (Mestizo)
- Revolution
- Foreign investment
- Secular state
Political Socialization Examples: Russia
- USSR
- Communism
- Glasnost
- Reforms and relapse (LGBTQ)
- Gov. censorship
- Federalism
-STRENGTH
Political Socialization Examples: China
- Consumerism
- Meritocracy
- “One Child Policy”
- Maoism / Confucian /Thought
- Cultural Revolution
- Guanxi
- Tiananmen Square
Political Socialization Examples: Iran
- Green Revolution
- Theocracy (Sunni VS Shia)
- Iranian Revolution
- Operation AJAX
- Ayatollahs
- Social media
- Oil
- Brain Drain
Political Ideology
the underlying beliefs, values, attitudes, and patterns of behavior people have about the goals of gov. + policy
“the isms”
Ethnocentrism
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture
downsides: overtones of superiority and closed mind to other races and cultures
Consensual Political Culture
issues that most people can agree on
Conflictual Political Culture
issues that cause friction and cleavages
Political Ideology Shapers
Artistic (Renaissance) –> Religious (Protestant Revolution) –> Scientific (Scientific Revolution) –> the ENLIGHTENMENT
Indiviualism
belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over gov. restrictions
- meritocracy
- self interest
- classic liberalism and modern conservatism
Pros of Individualism
- encourages innovation
- autonomy / sovereignty
- individual liberties
- self-reliance
- sense of identity
- meritocracy
Cons of Individualism
- Isolation
- Loss of support system
- promotes selfishness
- less motivation for gov. intervention/support
Neoliberalism
used to refer to market-oriented reforms in shaping to create a framework between private enterprise and public authority
- taxation
- privatization
- free trade
- de-regulation (aka “rollback”)
- “trickle down economics”
Austerity
set of policies with the aim of reducing gov. budget deficits (relationship with neoliberalism)
- include spending cuts and tax increases
- way to appeal to creditors
Neoliberalism Positives
- fosters private enterprises
- lower taxation
- promotes free trade
Neoliberalism Negatives
- income inequality
- rolls back protections
- bad for the environment
Communism
a political and economic system that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on communal ownership + limited private property
Communism PROS
- closes socio-economic gaps
- eliminates poverty
- provides “peace of mind” via economic/social security
- reduces exploitation of workers via communal ownership
Communism CONS
- not feasible
- hinders goals…self actualization
- demotivates profit and competition
Socialism
an economic ideology that allows collective/gov. state ownership (gov. owns means of production and operates them for the benefit of the public
- does away with profit motivation and competition
- workplaces controlled by gov. somewhat
- is feasible because of political/state apparatus
Socialism AP CB Definiton
belief in the reduction of income disparities and the nationalization of major private industries
Fascism
Extreme nationalism, authoritarian, the rights of the majority over the minority
- considers the individual secondary to the interests of the state, the party
- antimulticulturalism
- supremacy of a leader
Fascism Economic Outlook
- oppose laissez faire economics
- gov. control over the economy without completely taking over
- nationalized some key industries, managed currency, state investments
- introduced economic planning measures like price and wage control
Populism
the belief that those with power exploit the people
- socially conservative, economically liberal
- better at diagnosis, not so much at solution
Cult of Personality
manufactured heroic public image, excessive hero worship, often found in authoritarian states
- can lead to tyranny of the majority
- does not mean morally right
Materialism
1st: Material matter is all there is
2nd!!: desire for fulfillment of material needs
3rd: historical materialism (Marxist)
Post-Scarcity
a (theoretical) condition where materials are soooo abundant, that most commodities are commonplace
Post-Materialism
there was a generational shift on what mattered to post-industrial societies (values)
- political freedom and participation
- self-actualization and expression/creativity
- personal relationships
- care for the environment
- less focus on materialism/money
gave high priority to values such as citizen input into gov.
