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CfE Higher Biology > Unit 3 Food Supply, Plant Growth and Productivity > Flashcards

Unit 3 Food Supply, Plant Growth and Productivity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is food security?

A

The ability to access food that is of adequate quality and quantity to avoid hunger and malnutrition.

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2
Q

Why is the demand for food production increasing?

A

Increasing human population size.

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3
Q

What is sustainable food production?

A

Food production that does not degrade resources.

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4
Q

Why is it important for food production to be sustainable?

A

As the human population increases we need to be able to produce more food in the same area.

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5
Q

Give 5 factors that can lead to an increase in food production

A
  1. Breeding higher yielding cultivars
  2. Use of fertiliser
  3. Protecting crops from pests
  4. Protecting crops from diseases.
  5. Reducing competition from other plants.
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6
Q

What process is all food production ultimately dependent on?

A

Photosynthesis

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7
Q

Give 4 examples of commercially important plant crops.

A
  1. Cereals
  2. Potato
  3. Roots
  4. Legumes (peas/beans)
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8
Q

Give 5 features plant breeder may be trying to improve in a new breed.

A
  1. Higher nutritional values.
  2. Resistance to pests.
  3. Resistance to disease.
  4. Physical characteristics suited to rearing and harvesting.
  5. Physical characteristics that increase chances of thriving in a particular environmental condition.
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9
Q

Why do livestock produce less food per unit area than crop plants?

A

Energy is lost between trophic levels.

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10
Q

Why will there always be a place for livestock production even as the human population grows?

A

Livestock production is often possible in habitats unsuitable for growing crops.

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11
Q

What can happen to light that hits leaf?

A

It can be absorbed, transmitted or reflected.

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12
Q

What absorbs light in a leaf?

A

Photosynthetic pigments

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13
Q

What is the light absorbed by a pigment used for?

A
  1. Photolysis

2. Generation of ATP

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14
Q

Why do plants have more than one pigment?

A

Each pigment absorbs a different range of wavelengths of light.

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15
Q

What are the 2 main pigments in green plants?

A

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

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16
Q

What colours of light do chlorophyll a and b mainly absorb?

A

Red and blue

17
Q

Why do green plants appear green?

A

They are reflecting green light

18
Q

What is the function of carotenoids?

A

Carotenoids extend the range of wavelengths of light absorbed and pass the energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

19
Q

What does an absorption spectrum show?

A

The quantity of light absorbed by particular pigment at each wavelength.

20
Q

What does an action spectrum show?

A

The rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light.

21
Q

What happens in a pigment molecule (like chlorophyll) when light is absorbed?

A

Electrons in the pigment become excited.

22
Q

During photosynthesis what happens to excited electrons in pigments?

A

Excited electron get passed through the electron transport chain releasing energy to generate ATP by ATP synthase.

23
Q

What enzyme produces ATP from ADP and Pi?

A

ATP synthase.

24
Q

Energy from absorbed light is used to generate ATP. What else is this absorbed light used for?

A

Photolysis

25
Q

What does photolysis involve?

A

The splitting of water into hydrogen ions and oxygen.

26
Q

What happens to the oxygen produced during photolysis?

A

The oxygen is evolved. This means it can diffuse from the cell (and leaf) as O2.

27
Q

What happens to the hydrogen ions produced during photolysis?

A

Hydrogen ions are transferred to the coenzyme NADP to make NAPH.

28
Q

What is another name for the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin Cycle

29
Q

What is the role of RuBisCO in carbon fixation?

A

RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide by attaching it to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to produce 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG).

30
Q

What happens to the 3PG produced during the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?

A

3PG (3-phosphoglycerate) is phosphorylated by ATP and compined with hydrogen ions from NADPH to form G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

31
Q

What happens to the G3P produced during the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?

A

G3P is used to :

  1. Regenerate RuBP
  2. Synthesise glucose (2 required)
32
Q

What does RuBP stand for?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate

33
Q

What does G3P stand for?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

34
Q

What does 3PG stand for?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

35
Q

Give for uses for the glucose produced during photosynthesis.

A
  1. As a respiratory substrate.
  2. It can be synthesised into starch.
  3. It can be synthesised into cellulose.
  4. It can be passed on to other biosynthetic pathways.
36
Q

Glucose produced during photosynthesis can be passed to other biosynthesis pathways. Give 3 metabolites that can be formed using this glucose.

A
  1. DNA
  2. Protein
  3. Fat

CfE Higher Biology (1 decks)

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