UNIT 3: Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

1. The nurse is caring for a client who has a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The plan of care includes assessment of specific gravity every four hours. The results of this test will allow the nurse to assess which aspect of the client’s health?
   A. Nutritional status
   B. Potassium balance
   C. Calcium balance
   D. Fluid volume status

Answer 1

ANS: D
Rationale: Specific gravity measures the density of urine compared with water and can assess the ability of the kidneys to excrete or conserve water. Therefore, specific gravity will detect if the client has a fluid volume deficit or fluid volume excess. Nutrition, potassium, and calcium levels are not directly indicated.

Question 2

2. The nurse is caring for a client admitted with a diagnosis of acute kidney injury. When reviewing the client’s most recent laboratory reports, the nurse notes that the client’s magnesium levels are high. The nurse should prioritize assessment for what health problem?
   A. Diminished deep tendon reflexes
   B. Tachycardia
   C. Cool, clammy skin
   D. Acute flank pain

Answer 2

ANS: A
Rationale: To gauge a client’s magnesium status, the nurse should check deep tendon reflexes. If the reflex is absent, this may indicate high serum magnesium. Tachycardia, flank pain, and cool, clammy skin are not typically associated with hypermagnesemia.

Question 3

3. The nurse is working on a burn unit and an acutely ill client is exhibiting signs and symptoms of third spacing. Based on this change in status, the nurse should expect the client to exhibit signs and symptoms of which imbalance?
   A. Metabolic alkalosis
   B. Hypermagnesemia
   C. Hypercalcemia
   D. Hypovolemia

Answer 3

ANS: D
Rationale: Third-spacing fluid shift, which occurs when fluid moves out of the intravascular space but not into the intracellular space, can cause hypovolemia. Increased calcium and magnesium levels are not indicators of third-spacing fluid shift. Burns typically cause acidosis, not alkalosis.

Question 4

4. A client with a longstanding diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder presents to the emergency room. The triage nurse notes upon assessment that the client is hyperventilating. The triage nurse is aware that hyperventilation is the most common cause of which acid–base imbalance?
   A. Respiratory acidosis
   B. Respiratory alkalosis
   C. Increased PaCO2
   D. Metabolic acidosis

Answer 4

ANS: B
Rationale: Extreme anxiety can lead to hyperventilation, the most common cause of acute respiratory alkalosis. During hyperventilation, CO2 is lost through the lungs, creating an alkalotic state and a low PaCO2. Acute respiratory acidosis occurs in emergency situations, such as pulmonary edema, and is exhibited by hypoventilation and decreased PaCO2. Metabolic acidosis results from the loss of bicarbonate, not CO2.

Question 5

5. The emergency-room nurse is caring for a trauma client who has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.26, PaCO2 28, HCO3 11 mEq/L. How should the nurse interpret these results?
   A. Respiratory acidosis with no compensation
   B. Metabolic alkalosis with compensatory alkalosis
   C. Metabolic acidosis with no compensation
   D. Metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis

Answer 5

ANS: D
Rationale: A low pH indicates acidosis (normal pH is 7.35 to 7.45). The PaCO2 is also low, which causes alkalosis. The bicarbonate is low, which causes acidosis. The pH bicarbonate more closely corresponds with a decrease in pH, making the metabolic component the primary problem

Question 6

6. While assessing a client’s peripheral IV site, the nurse observes edema and coolness around the insertion site. How should the nurse document this observation?
   A. Air embolism
   B. Phlebitis
   C. Infiltration
   D. Fluid overload

Answer 6

ANS: C
Rationale: Infiltration is the administration of non-vesicant solution or medication into the surrounding tissue when the IV cannula dislodges or perforates the wall of the vein. Infiltration is characterized by edema around the insertion site, leakage of IV fluid from the insertion site, discomfort and coolness, and a significant decrease in the flow rate. An air embolism occurs when air enters the vein; it does not have any local manifestations at the IV site but may produce palpitations, dyspnea, hypotension, and chest pain.
Phlebitis, an inflammation of the vein, is characterized by redness, warmth, and tenderness at the IV site. Fluid volume overload produces systemic manifestations and is not apparent at the IV site.

Question 7

7. The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a 79-year-old client newly admitted for end-stage liver disease. What principle should guide the nurse’s assessment of the client’s skin turgor?
   A. Overhydration is common among healthy older adults.
   B. Dehydration causes the skin to appear spongy.
   C. Inelastic skin turgor is a normal part of aging.
   D. Skin turgor cannot be assessed in clients over the age of 70.

Answer 7

ANS: C

Rationale: Inelastic skin is a normal change of aging. However, this does not mean that skin turgor cannot be assessed in older clients. Dehydration, not overhydration, causes inelastic skin with tenting. Overhydration, not dehydration, causes the skin to appear edematous and spongy.

Question 8

8. A client with hypokalemia is to receive intravenous (IV) potassium replacement. Which action should the nurse take when administering potassium intravenously? Select all that apply.
   A. Administer potassium by IV push.
   B. Assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine prior to potassium administration.
   C. Monitor complete blood count during potassium infusion.
   D. Follow the facility policy for infusion of potassium.
   E. Report a reduced urinary output to the health care provider.

Answer 8

ANS: B, D, E
Rationale: Potassium should be administered by an infusion pump and should never be given by IV push to avoid rapid replacement. Because potassium is excreted by the kidneys, BUN, serum creatinine, and urinary output should be assessed prior to and during administration of IV potassium. Abnormal laboratory results or decreased or absent urinary output should be reported to the health care provider. Because potassium administration does not affect blood cells, the complete blood count does not need to be monitored during administration of potassium. The nurse should check facility policy on the administration of IV potassium to ensure safe care.

Question 9

9. A nurse in the neurologic ICU has received a prescription to infuse a hypertonic solution into a client with increased intracranial pressure. This solution will increase the number of dissolved particles in the client’s blood, creating pressure for fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries and increase the blood volume. This process is best described with which of the following terms?
   A. Hydrostatic pressure
   B. Osmosis and osmolality
   C. Diffusion
   D. Active transport

Answer 9

ANS: B

Rationale: Osmosis is the movement of fluid from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Hydrostatic pressure refers to changes in water or volume related to water pressure. Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration; the solutes in an intact vascular system are unable to move so diffusion normally should not be taking place. Active transport is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient and requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source; this process
typically takes place at the cellular level and is not involved in vascular volume changes

Question 10

10. The surgical nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative day 1 following a thyroidectomy. The client reports tingling in the lips and fingers. The client also reports an intermittent spasm in the wrist and hand and exhibits increased muscle tone. Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse first suspect?
    A. Hypophosphatemia
    B. Hypocalcemia
    C. Hypermagnesemia
    D. Hyperkalemia

Answer 10

ANS: B
Rationale: Tetany is the most characteristic manifestation of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Sensations of tingling may occur in the tips of the fingers, around the mouth, and, less commonly, in the feet. Hypophosphatemia creates central nervous dysfunction, resulting in seizures and coma. Hypermagnesemia creates hypoactive reflexes and somnolence. Signs of hyperkalemia include paresthesias and anxiety.

Question 11

11. A nurse, who is orienting a newly licensed nurse, is planning care for a nephrology client. The nurse states, “A client with kidney disease partially loses the ability to regulate changes in pH.” What is the cause of this partial inability?
    A. The kidneys regulate and reabsorb carbonic acid to change and maintain pH.
    B. The kidneys buffer acids through electrolyte changes.
    C. The kidneys reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate to maintain a stable pH.
    D. The kidneys combine carbonic acid and bicarbonate to maintain a stable pH.

Answer 11

ANS: C
Rationale: The kidneys regulate the bicarbonate level in the extracellular fluid; they can regenerate bicarbonate ions as well as reabsorb them from the renal tubular cells. In respiratory acidosis and most cases of metabolic acidosis, the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. The lungs regulate and reabsorb carbonic acid to change and maintain pH. The kidneys do not buffer acids through electrolyte changes; buffering occurs in reaction to changes in pH. Carbonic acid works as the chemical medium to exchange O2 and CO2 in the lungs to maintain a stable pH, whereas the kidneys use bicarbonate as the chemical medium to maintain a stable pH by moving and eliminating H+.

Question 12

12. The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the medical unit 72 hours ago with pyloric stenosis. A nasogastric tube was placed upon admission, and since that time the client has been on low intermittent suction. Upon review of the morning’s blood work, the nurse notices that the client’s potassium is below reference range. The nurse should assess for signs and symptoms of what imbalance?
    A. Hypercalcemia
    B. Metabolic acidosis
    C. Metabolic alkalosis
    D. Respiratory acidosis

Answer 12

ANS: C
Rationale: Probably the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis is vomiting or gastric suction with loss of hydrogen and chloride ions. The disorder also occurs in pyloric stenosis in which only gastric fluid is lost. Vomiting, gastric suction, and pyloric stenosis all remove potassium and can cause hypokalemia. This client would not be at risk for hypercalcemia; hyperparathyroidism and cancer account for almost all cases of hypercalcemia. The nasogastric tube is removing stomach acid and will likely raise pH. Respiratory acidosis is unlikely since no change was reported in the client’s respiratory status.

Question 13

13. The nurse is caring for a client who has a peripheral IV in place for fluid replacement. When caring for the client’s IV site, the nurse should:
    A. ensure that anticoagulants are placed on hold for the duration of IV therapy.
    B. replace the IV dressing with a new, clean dressing if it is soiled.
    C. ensure that the tubing is firmly anchored to the client’s skin.
    D. periodically remove hair from 2 cm around the IV site.

Answer 13

ANS: C

Rationale: Anchoring the IV tubing prevents it from being accidentally dislodged. Anticoagulants are not contraindicated during IV therapy. Soiled dressings should be replaced with a new sterile dressing, not a clean dressing. Hair removal is unnecessary

Question 14

14. A client who is being treated for pneumonia reports sudden shortness of breath. An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH 7.21, PaCO2 64 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mm Hg. Which condition does the ABG reflect?
    A. Respiratory acidosis
    B. Metabolic alkalosis
    C. Respiratory alkalosis
    D. Metabolic acidosis

Answer 14

ANS: A
Rationale: The pH is below 7.35, PaCO2 is greater than 40, and the HCO3 is normal; therefore, it is a respiratory acidosis, and compensation by the kidneys has not begun, which indicates this was probably an acute event. The HCO3 of 24 is within the normal range, so it is not metabolic alkalosis. The pH of 7.21 indicates an acidosis, not alkalosis. The pH of 7.21 indicates it is an acidosis, but the HCO3 of 24 is within the normal range, ruling out metabolic acidosis

Question 15

15. One day after a client is admitted to the medical unit, the nurse determines that the client is oliguric. The nurse notifies the acute-care nurse practitioner who prescribes a fluid challenge of 200 mL of normal saline solution over 15 minutes. This intervention will help to achieve what goal?
    A. Distinguish hyponatremia from hypernatremia.
    B. Evaluate pituitary gland function.
    C. Distinguish reduced renal blood flow from decreased renal function.
    D. Provide an effective treatment for hypertension-induced oliguria.

Answer 15

ANS: C

Rationale: If a client is not excreting enough urine, the health care provider needs to determine whether the depressed renal function is the result of reduced renal blood flow, which is a fluid volume deficit (FVD or prerenal azotemia), or acute tubular necrosis that results in necrosis or cellular death from prolonged FVD. A typical example of a fluid challenge involves administering 100 to 200 mL of normal saline solution over 15 minutes. The response by a client with FVD but with normal renal function is increased urine output and an increase in blood pressure. Laboratory examinations are needed to distinguish hyponatremia from hypernatremia. A fluid challenge is not used to evaluate pituitary gland function. A fluid challenge may provide information regarding hypertension-induced oliguria, but it is not an effective treatment.

Question 16

16. The community health nurse is performing a home visit to an 80-year-old client recovering from hip surgery. The nurse notes that the client seems uncharacteristically confused at times and has dry mucous membranes. When asked about fluid intake, the client states, “I stop drinking water early in the day because it is just too difficult to get up during the night to go to the bathroom.” What would be the nurse’s best response?
    A. “I will need to have your medications adjusted, so you will need to be readmitted to the hospital for a complete workup.”
    B. “Limiting your fluids can create imbalances that can result in confusion, so let’s
    try adjusting the timing of your fluids.”
    C. “It is normal to be a little confused following surgery, and it is safe not to urinate at night.”
    D. “Confusion and bladder issues are a normal consequence of aging, so I am not
    too concerned.”

Answer 16

ANS: B

Rationale: In older adult clients, the clinical manifestations of fluid and electrolyte disturbances may be subtle or atypical. For example, fluid deficit may cause confusion or cognitive impairment in the older adult. There is no specific evidence given for the need for readmission to the hospital. Confusion is never normal, common, or expected in older adults.

Question 17

17. A client comes into the emergency department (ED) by ambulance with a hip fracture after slipping and falling while at home. The client is alert and oriented but anxious and reports thirst. The client’s pupils are equal and reactive to light and accommodation, and the heart rate is elevated. An indwelling urinary catheter is inserted, and 40 mL of urine is present. What is the nurse’s most likely explanation for the client’s urinary output?
    A. The client urinated prior to arrival to the ED and will probably not need to have the urinary catheter kept in place.
    B. The client likely has a traumatic brain injury, lacks antidiuretic hormone, and needs vasopressin.
    C. The client is experiencing symptoms of heart failure and is releasing atrial natriuretic peptide, which results in decreased urine output.
    D. The client is having a sympathetic reaction, which has stimulated the renin– angiotensin–aldosterone system, which results in diminished urine output.

Answer 17

ANS: D
Rationale: In response to the acute stress of falling at home, the sympathetic nervous system is activated. Renin is released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys in response to decreased renal perfusion. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II, with its vasoconstrictor properties, increases arterial perfusion pressure and stimulates thirst. As the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, aldosterone is released in response to an increased release of renin, which decreases urine production. Based on the nursing assessment and mechanism of injury, this is most likely causing the lower urine output. The client urinating prior to arrival to the ED is unlikely; the fall and hip injury would make the ability to urinate difficult. No assessment information indicates the client has a head injury or heart failure.

Question 18

18. A client with hypertension has been prescribed hydrochlorothiazide. What nursing action will best reduce the client’s risk for electrolyte disturbances?
    A. Maintain a low-sodium diet.
    B. Encourage the use of over-the-counter calcium supplements.
    C. Ensure the client has sufficient potassium intake.
    D. Encourage fluid intake.

Answer 18

ANS: C

Rationale: Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide, cause potassium loss, and it is important to maintain adequate intake during therapy. Hyponatremia is more of a risk than hypernatremia, so a low-sodium diet does not address the risk for electrolyte disturbances. There is no direct need for extra calcium intake, and increased fluid intake does not reduce the client’s risk for electrolyte disturbances.

Question 19

19. The nurse is evaluating a newly admitted client’s laboratory results, which include several values that are outside of reference ranges. Which of the following alterations would cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
    A. Increased serum sodium
    B. Decreased serum potassium
    C. Decreased hemoglobin
    D. Increased platelets

Answer 19

ANS: A
Rationale: Increased serum sodium causes increased osmotic pressure, increased thirst, and the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland. When serum osmolality decreases and thirst and ADH secretions are suppressed, the kidney excretes more water to restore normal osmolality. Levels of potassium, hemoglobin, and platelets do not directly affect ADH release.

Question 20

20. The nurse is providing care for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. When describing the process of respiration, the nurse explains to a newly licensed nurse how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli. The nurse is describing which process?
    A. Diffusion
    B. Osmosis
    C. Active transport
    D. Filtration

Answer 20

ANS: A
Rationale: Diffusion is the natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. It occurs through the random movement of ions and molecules. Examples of diffusion are the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli and the tendency of sodium to move from the extracellular fluid compartment, where the sodium concentration is high, to the intracellular fluid, where its concentration is low. Osmosis occurs when two different solutions are separated by a membrane that is impermeable to the dissolved substances; fluid shifts through the membrane from the region of low solute concentration to the region of high solute concentration until the solutions are of equal concentration. Active transport implies that energy must be expended for the movement to occur against a concentration gradient. Movement of water and solutes occurring from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure is filtration.

Question 21

21. When planning the care of a client with a fluid imbalance, the nurse understands that in the human body, water and electrolytes move from the arterial capillary bed to the interstitial fluid. What causes this to occur?
    A. Active transport of hydrogen ions across the capillary walls
    B. Pressure of the blood in the renal capillaries
    C. Action of the dissolved particles contained in a unit of blood
    D. Hydrostatic pressure resulting from the pumping action of the heart

Answer 21

ANS: D
Rationale: Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the
wall that contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction. This pressure causes water and electrolytes from the arterial capillary bed to pass into the interstitial fluid, in this instance, as a result of the pumping action of the heart; this process is known as filtration. Active transport does not move water and electrolytes from the arterial capillary bed to the interstitial fluid, filtration does. The number of dissolved particles in a unit of blood is concerned with osmolality. The pressure in the renal capillaries causes renal filtration.

Question 22

22. Baroreceptors in the left atrium and in the carotid and aortic arches respond to changes in the circulating blood volume and regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity as well as endocrine activities. Sympathetic stimulation constricts renal arterioles, causing what effect?
    A. Decrease in the release of aldosterone
    B. Increase of filtration in the Loop of Henle
    C. Decrease in the reabsorption of sodium
    D. Decrease in glomerular filtration

Answer 22

ANS: D

Rationale: Sympathetic stimulation constricts renal arterioles; this decreases glomerular filtration, increases the release of aldosterone, and increases sodium and water reabsorption. None of the other listed options occurs with increased sympathetic stimulation.

Question 23

23. The nurse is caring for a client who has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. The client’s labs indicate a minimally elevated serum creatinine level. The nurse should further assess which body system for signs of injury?
    A. Renal
    B. Cardiac
    C. Pulmonary
    D. Nervous

Answer 23

ANS: A
Rationale: Serum creatinine is a sensitive measure of renal function. It is not an indicator of cardiac, pulmonary, or nervous system impairments.

Question 24

24. The nurse is caring for a client who is to receive IV daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent. The nurse starts the infusion and checks the insertion site as per protocol. During the most recent check, the nurse observes that the IV has infiltrated so the nurse stops the infusion. What is the nurse’s priority concern with this infiltration?
    A. Extravasation of the medication
    B. Discomfort to the client
    C. Blanching at the site
    D. Hypersensitivity reaction to the medication

Answer 24

ANS: A
Rationale: Irritating medications, such as chemotherapeutic agents, can cause pain, burning, and redness at the site. Blistering, inflammation, and necrosis of tissues can occur. The extent of tissue damage is determined by the medication concentration, the quantity that extravasated, infusion site location, the tissue response, and the extravasation duration. Extravasation is the priority over the other listed consequences

Question 25

25. The nurse caring for a client post colon resection is assessing the client on the second postoperative day. The nasogastric tube remains patent and is draining moderate amounts of greenish fluid. Which assessment finding would suggest that the client's potassium level is too low? A. Diarrhea B. Paresthesias C. Increased muscle tone D. Joint pain

Answer 25

ANS: B Rationale: Manifestations of hypokalemia include fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, leg cramps, decreased bowel motility, paresthesias (numbness and tingling), and arrhythmias. The client would not have diarrhea because increased bowel motility is inconsistent with hypokalemia. Joint pain is not a symptom of hypokalemia, nor is increased muscle tone.

Question 26

26. The nurse is caring for a client who is being treated on the oncology unit with a diagnosis of lung cancer with bone metastases. The client reports a new onset of weakness with abdominal pain, and further assessment suggests that the client likely has a fluid volume deficit. The nurse should recognize that this client may be experiencing which electrolyte imbalance? A. Hypernatremia B. Hypomagnesemia C. Hypophosphatemia D. Hypercalcemia

Answer 26

ANS: D Rationale: The most common causes of hypercalcemia are malignancies and hyperparathyroidism. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and constipation are common symptoms of hypercalcemia. Dehydration occurs with nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and calcium reabsorption at the proximal renal tubule. Abdominal and bone pain may also be present. Primary manifestations of hypernatremia are neurologic and would not include abdominal pain and dehydration. Tetany is the most characteristic manifestation of hypomagnesemia, and this scenario does not mention tetany. The client's presentation is inconsistent with hypophosphatemia

Question 27

27. A medical nurse educator is reviewing a client's recent episode of metabolic acidosis with members of the nursing staff. What should the educator describe about the role of the kidneys in metabolic acidosis? A. The kidneys retain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. B. The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. C. The kidneys react rapidly to compensate for imbalances in the body. D. The kidneys regulate the bicarbonate level in the intracellular fluid.

Answer 27

ANS: B Rationale: The kidneys regulate the bicarbonate level in the ECF; they can regenerate bicarbonate ions as well as reabsorb them from the renal tubular cells. In respiratory acidosis and most cases of metabolic acidosis, the kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. In respiratory and metabolic alkalosis, the kidneys retain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate ions to help restore balance. The kidneys obviously cannot compensate for the metabolic acidosis created by kidney disease. Renal compensation for imbalances is relatively slow (a matter of hours or days).

Question 28

28. The nurse in the medical intensive care unit is caring for a client who is in respiratory acidosis due to inadequate ventilation. Which diagnosis could the client have that could cause inadequate ventilation? A. Endocarditis B. Multiple myeloma C. Guillain–Barré syndrome D. Overdose of amphetamines

Answer 28

ANS: C Rationale: Respiratory acidosis is always due to inadequate excretion of CO2 with inadequate ventilation, resulting in elevated plasma CO2 concentrations and, consequently, increased levels of carbonic acid. Acute respiratory acidosis occurs in emergency situations, such as acute pulmonary edema, aspiration of a foreign object, atelectasis, pneumothorax, overdose of sedatives, sleep apnea, administration of oxygen to a client with chronic hypercapnia (excessive CO2 in the blood), severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory acidosis can also occur in diseases that impair respiratory muscles, such as muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. The other listed diagnoses are not associated with respiratory acidosis.

Question 29

29. A client has questioned the nurse's administration of intravenous (IV) normal saline, asking, "Wouldn't sterile water be a more appropriate choice than saltwater?" Under what circumstances would the nurse administer electrolyte-free water intravenously? A. Never, because it rapidly enters red blood cells, causing them to rupture. B. When the client is severely dehydrated, resulting in neurologic signs and symptoms C. When the client is in excess of calcium and/or magnesium ions D. When a client's fluid volume deficit is due to acute or chronic kidney disease

Answer 29

ANS: A Rationale: IV solutions contain dextrose or electrolytes mixed in various proportions with water. Pure, electrolyte-free water can never be given by IV because it rapidly enters red blood cells and causes them to rupture.

Question 30

30. A gerontologic nurse is teaching students about the high incidence and prevalence of dehydration in older adults. Which factors contribute to this phenomenon? Select all that apply. A. Decreased kidney mass B. Increased conservation of sodium C. Increased total body water D. Decreased renal blood flow E. Decreased excretion of potassium

Answer 30

ANS: A, D, E Rationale: Dehydration in older adults is common as a result of decreased kidney mass, decreased glomerular filtration rate, decreased renal blood flow, decreased ability to concentrate urine, inability to conserve sodium, decreased excretion of potassium, and a decrease of total body water.

Question 31

31. The nurse is called to a client's room by a family member who voices concern about the client's status. On assessment, the nurse finds the client tachypneic, lethargic, weak, and exhibiting a diminished cognitive ability. The nurse also identifies 3+ pitting edema. What electrolyte imbalance is the most plausible cause of this client's signs and symptoms? A. Hypocalcemia B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperchloremia D. Hypophosphatemia

Answer 31

ANS: C Rationale: The signs and symptoms of hyperchloremia are the same as those of metabolic acidosis: hypervolemia and hypernatremia. Tachypnea; weakness; lethargy; deep, rapid respirations; diminished cognitive ability; and hypertension occur. If untreated, hyperchloremia can lead to a decrease in cardiac output, arrhythmias, and coma. A high chloride level is accompanied by a high sodium level and fluid retention. With hypocalcemia, tetany would be expected to occur. There would not be edema with hyponatremia. Signs or symptoms of hypophosphatemia are mainly neurologic.

Question 32

32. Diagnostic testing has been prescribed to differentiate between normal anion gap acidosis and high anion gap acidosis in an acutely ill client. What health problem often precedes normal anion gap acidosis? A. Metastases B. Excessive potassium intake C. Water intoxication D. Excessive administration of chloride

Answer 32

ANS: D Rationale: Normal anion gap acidosis results from the direct loss of bicarbonate, as in diarrhea, lower intestinal fistulas, ureterostomies, and use of diuretics; early renal insufficiency; excessive administration of chloride; and the administration of parenteral nutrition without bicarbonate or bicarbonate-producing solutes (e.g., lactate). Based on these facts, the other listed options are incorrect.

Question 33

33. The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of pancreatitis. The client was admitted from a homeless shelter and is a vague historian. The client appears malnourished and on day 3 of the client's admission, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been started. Why should the nurse start the infusion of TPN slowly? A. Clients receiving TPN are at risk for hypercalcemia if calories are started too rapidly. B. Malnourished clients receiving parenteral nutrition are at risk for hypophosphatemia if calories are started too aggressively. C. Malnourished clients who receive fluids too rapidly are at risk for hypernatremia. D. Clients receiving TPN need a slow initiation of treatment in order to allow digestive enzymes to accumulate.

Answer 33

ANS: B Rationale: The nurse identifies clients who are at risk for hypophosphatemia and monitors them. Because malnourished clients receiving parenteral nutrition are at risk when calories are introduced too aggressively, preventive measures involve gradually introducing the solution to avoid rapid shifts of phosphorus into the cells. Clients receiving TPN are not at risk for hypercalcemia or hypernatremia if calories or fluids are started to rapidly. Digestive enzymes are not a relevant consideration

Question 34

34. The nurse is providing discharge education to a client who had hypophosphatemia while in the hospital. The client has a diet prescribed that is high in phosphate. Which foods should the nurse teach this client to include in the diet? Select all that apply. A. Milk B. Beef C. Potatoes D. Green vegetables E. Liver

Answer 34

ANS: A, B, E Rationale: If the client experiences mild hypophosphatemia, foods rich in phosphorus, such as milk and milk products, meats, and beans, should be encouraged. Potatoes and green leafy vegetables are not rich in phosphorus.

Question 35

35. The nurse is caring for a client with a secondary diagnosis of hypermagnesemia. What assessment finding would be most consistent with this diagnosis? A. Hypertension B. Kussmaul respirations C. Increased DTRs D. Shallow respirations

Answer 35

ANS: D Rationale: If hypermagnesemia is suspected, the nurse monitors the vital signs, noting hypotension and shallow respirations. The nurse also observes for decreased DTRs and changes in the level of consciousness. Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but also kidney disease. This type of client is associated with decreased DTRs, not increased DTRs

Question 36

36. A client's most recent laboratory results show a slight decrease in potassium. The health care provider has opted to forgo drug therapy but has suggested increasing the client's dietary intake of potassium. What should the nurse recommend? A. Apples B. Fish C. Rice D. Bananas

Answer 36

ANS: D Rationale: Bananas are high in potassium. Apples, fish, and rice are not high in potassium.

Question 37

37. The nurse is assessing the client for the presence of a Chvostek sign. Which electrolyte imbalance would a positive Chvostek sign indicate? A. Hypermagnesemia B. Hyponatremia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hyperkalemia

Answer 37

ANS: C Rationale: The nurse can induce Chvostek sign by tapping the client's facial nerve adjacent to the ear. A brief contraction of the upper lip, nose, or side of the face indicates Chvostek sign. Both hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia may be indicated by a positive Chvostek sign.

Question 38

38. The intensive care unit nurse is caring for a client who experienced trauma in a workplace accident. The client is reporting dyspnea because of abdominal pain. An arterial blood gas test reveals the following results: pH 7.28, PaCO2 50 mm Hg, HCO3– 20 mEq/L. The nurse should recognize the likelihood of which acid–base disorder(s)? A. Respiratory acidosis only B. Respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis D. Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis

Answer 38

ANS: D Rationale: Clients can simultaneously experience two or more independent acid–base disorders. This client has a pH value below normal, a PCO2 value above 45 mm HG, and a HCO3– value of less than 22 mEq/L, which is indicative of both respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis.