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Cultural Anthropology 200 > Unit 3 exam review > Flashcards

Unit 3 exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Sexuality

A

to sexual preferences, desires, & practices.

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2
Q

Sex

A

the reproductive forms and functions of the body.

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3
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

the sexual differences between males and females of a species (anatomical; hormonal; & genetic), including those not directly related to reproduction.

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4
Q

Intersex

A

individuals who exhibit sexual organs & functions somewhere between male & female elements, often including elements of both.

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5
Q

Gender

A

the culture-specific intersection between sex, internal sense of self, outward expressions of identity, and expectations about how to perform that identity in society.

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6
Q

Gender roles

A

expected ways of behaving based on cultural definitions of masculinity & femininity.

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7
Q

Gender stratification

A

hierarchical ranking of members of society according to gender.

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8
Q

Gender ideology

A

a system of ideas & values that legitimizes gender roles, statuses, and customary behavior.

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9
Q

Sex & Temperament in Three Primitive Societies

A

Mead concluded “masculine” and “feminine” personality traits are “as lightly linked to sex as the clothing, the manners, and the form of head-dress that a society at a given period assigns to either sex.”

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10
Q

gender variance

A

Those who do not identify as male or female

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11
Q

transgender

A

If someone identifies as a gender other than what they were born as

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12
Q

hijras

A

The third gender

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13
Q

two-spirit

A

How Native Americans identify the third gender

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14
Q

We’wha (1849-1896)

A

a famous lhamana (two-spirit) of the Zuni people of New Mexico.

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15
Q

Diné people (aka Navajo)

A

Native Americans that live in the four corners region.

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16
Q

asdzààn

A

woman

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17
Q

hastíín

A

men

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18
Q

nádleehí

A

Born male acts as female

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19
Q

dilba

A

Born female acts as male

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20
Q

Fred Martinez (1985-2001)

A

A two spirit Navajo who was killed in a hate crime

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21
Q

hate crime

A

A crime that is directed at an entire group of people

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22
Q

kinship

A

the social system that organizes people into

families based on descent and marriage.

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23
Q

incest taboo

A

the prohibition of sexual relations between immediate relatives, usually between parents and children, and between siblings.

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24
Q

Kibbutz

A

A communal settlement in Israel.

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25
Q

consanguine

A

Those to whom we are related through descent

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26
Q

affine

A

Those to whom we are related through marriage

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27
Q

fictive kinship

A

refers to relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations in the absence of consanguineal or affinal ties.

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28
Q

corporate groups

A

a social group that shares some degree of practical interest, identity, residence, and destiny.

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29
Q

natal family

A

the family into which one is born and raised.

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30
Q

nuclear family

A

the family formed by a married couple and their children.

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31
Q

extended family

A

family groups that consist of larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family.

32
Q

lineage

A

a group composed of relatives who are descended from known ancestors.

33
Q

clan

A

a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor (even if genealogical ties are vague).

34
Q

genealogical amnesia

A

structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives, usually because they are not currently significant in social life

35
Q

teknonymy

A

a system of naming parents by the names of their children

36
Q

unilineal descent

A

Trace their ancestry through mother’s line or father’s line, but not both.

37
Q

patrilineal descent

A

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the father

38
Q

matrilineal descent

A

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

39
Q

cognatic descent

A

Includes several forms (double descent, ambilineal descent, and bilateral descent).

40
Q

exogamy

A

means that members of the clan must marry someone from another clan, which has the effect of building political, economic, and social ties with other clan

41
Q

endogamy

A

the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.

42
Q

levirate

A

man may be obliged to marry his brother’s widow.

43
Q

sororate

A

The custom of marriage of a man to his wife’s sister or sisters, usually after the wife has died or is unable to conceive a child.

44
Q

monogamy

A

Marriage of two people.

45
Q

polygamy

A

plural marriage

46
Q

polygyny

A

Marriage of a man to two or more women.

47
Q

polyandry

A

Marriage of a woman to two or more men.

48
Q

bride price (aka bride wealth)

A

the required payment by the groom’s family to the bride’s family; paid to compensate for the loss of the bride’s labor in her natal family

49
Q

bride service

A

service offered by the bridegroom to a bride’s family as a bride price.

50
Q

dowry

A

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage; given by the bride’s family to the groom’s family; given to provide for the bride’s new life

51
Q

patrilocal residence

A

Married couple lives with or near relatives of husband’s father.

52
Q

matrilocal residence

A

Married couple lives with or near relatives of wife’s mother.

53
Q

avunculocal residence

A

Married couple lives with or near the husband’s mother’s brother.

54
Q

ambilocal (bilocal) residence

A

Married couple has choice of living with husband’s or wife’s relatives.

55
Q

neolocal residence

A

Married couple establishes a new residence.

56
Q

social structure

A

formal rules governing the relationships between people in a society.

57
Q

social stratification

A

hierarchical relationships between different groups within a society.

58
Q

Max Weber

A

Known for measuring social inequality.

59
Q

wealth

A

the extent to which one has accumulated economic resources.

60
Q

prestige

A

social esteem, respect, or admiration that a society confers on people.

61
Q

power

A

the ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others.

62
Q

egalitarian societies

A

no individual or group has appreciably more wealth, power, or prestige than any other.

63
Q

ranked societies

A

unequal access to prestige or status but not unequal access to wealth or power.

64
Q

stratified societies

A

considerable inequality in all forms of social rewards (power, wealth, and prestige).

65
Q

racialization

A

the social, economic and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.

66
Q

racism

A

the concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences.

67
Q

Gini Index

A

a measurement of the extent to which income deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. On the scale, 0 represents perfect equality and 100 would represent total inequality.

68
Q

structural power

A

power that organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual actions take place.

69
Q

political power

A

the processes by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of the community. Power tied to resources (material; human; symbolic).

70
Q

Bands

A

Group integrated by kinship and marriage. Usually 30 to 50 people.

71
Q

acephalous

A

Informal leadership roles

72
Q

Tribes

A

Populations tend to be larger, denser, & more sedentary food producing groups.

73
Q

age-grades

A

cut across kinship lines) serve to integrate the local segments of the tribe into a larger whole.

74
Q

Chiefdoms

A

Larger and more specialized population than tribes. Chief heads a system of economic redistribution.

75
Q

States

A

Most formal & complex political form, although leadership form varies.

76
Q

nation-state

A

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Cultural Anthropology 200 (2 decks)

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