Unit 3 exam review Flashcards
Sexuality
to sexual preferences, desires, & practices.
Sex
the reproductive forms and functions of the body.
Sexual dimorphism
the sexual differences between males and females of a species (anatomical; hormonal; & genetic), including those not directly related to reproduction.
Intersex
individuals who exhibit sexual organs & functions somewhere between male & female elements, often including elements of both.
Gender
the culture-specific intersection between sex, internal sense of self, outward expressions of identity, and expectations about how to perform that identity in society.
Gender roles
expected ways of behaving based on cultural definitions of masculinity & femininity.
Gender stratification
hierarchical ranking of members of society according to gender.
Gender ideology
a system of ideas & values that legitimizes gender roles, statuses, and customary behavior.
Sex & Temperament in Three Primitive Societies
Mead concluded “masculine” and “feminine” personality traits are “as lightly linked to sex as the clothing, the manners, and the form of head-dress that a society at a given period assigns to either sex.”
gender variance
Those who do not identify as male or female
transgender
If someone identifies as a gender other than what they were born as
hijras
The third gender
two-spirit
How Native Americans identify the third gender
We’wha (1849-1896)
a famous lhamana (two-spirit) of the Zuni people of New Mexico.
Diné people (aka Navajo)
Native Americans that live in the four corners region.
asdzààn
woman
hastíín
men
nádleehí
Born male acts as female
dilba
Born female acts as male
Fred Martinez (1985-2001)
A two spirit Navajo who was killed in a hate crime
hate crime
A crime that is directed at an entire group of people
kinship
the social system that organizes people into
families based on descent and marriage.
incest taboo
the prohibition of sexual relations between immediate relatives, usually between parents and children, and between siblings.
Kibbutz
A communal settlement in Israel.
consanguine
Those to whom we are related through descent
affine
Those to whom we are related through marriage
fictive kinship
refers to relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations in the absence of consanguineal or affinal ties.
corporate groups
a social group that shares some degree of practical interest, identity, residence, and destiny.
natal family
the family into which one is born and raised.
nuclear family
the family formed by a married couple and their children.
extended family
family groups that consist of larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family.
lineage
a group composed of relatives who are descended from known ancestors.
clan
a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor (even if genealogical ties are vague).
genealogical amnesia
structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives, usually because they are not currently significant in social life
teknonymy
a system of naming parents by the names of their children
unilineal descent
Trace their ancestry through mother’s line or father’s line, but not both.
patrilineal descent
relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the father
matrilineal descent
relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother
cognatic descent
Includes several forms (double descent, ambilineal descent, and bilateral descent).
exogamy
means that members of the clan must marry someone from another clan, which has the effect of building political, economic, and social ties with other clan
endogamy
the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.
levirate
man may be obliged to marry his brother’s widow.
sororate
The custom of marriage of a man to his wife’s sister or sisters, usually after the wife has died or is unable to conceive a child.
monogamy
Marriage of two people.
polygamy
plural marriage
polygyny
Marriage of a man to two or more women.
polyandry
Marriage of a woman to two or more men.
bride price (aka bride wealth)
the required payment by the groom’s family to the bride’s family; paid to compensate for the loss of the bride’s labor in her natal family
bride service
service offered by the bridegroom to a bride’s family as a bride price.
dowry
property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage; given by the bride’s family to the groom’s family; given to provide for the bride’s new life
patrilocal residence
Married couple lives with or near relatives of husband’s father.
matrilocal residence
Married couple lives with or near relatives of wife’s mother.
avunculocal residence
Married couple lives with or near the husband’s mother’s brother.
ambilocal (bilocal) residence
Married couple has choice of living with husband’s or wife’s relatives.
neolocal residence
Married couple establishes a new residence.
social structure
formal rules governing the relationships between people in a society.
social stratification
hierarchical relationships between different groups within a society.
Max Weber
Known for measuring social inequality.
wealth
the extent to which one has accumulated economic resources.
prestige
social esteem, respect, or admiration that a society confers on people.
power
the ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others.
egalitarian societies
no individual or group has appreciably more wealth, power, or prestige than any other.
ranked societies
unequal access to prestige or status but not unequal access to wealth or power.
stratified societies
considerable inequality in all forms of social rewards (power, wealth, and prestige).
racialization
the social, economic and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.
racism
the concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences.
Gini Index
a measurement of the extent to which income deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. On the scale, 0 represents perfect equality and 100 would represent total inequality.
structural power
power that organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual actions take place.
political power
the processes by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of the community. Power tied to resources (material; human; symbolic).
Bands
Group integrated by kinship and marriage. Usually 30 to 50 people.
acephalous
Informal leadership roles
Tribes
Populations tend to be larger, denser, & more sedentary food producing groups.
age-grades
cut across kinship lines) serve to integrate the local segments of the tribe into a larger whole.
Chiefdoms
Larger and more specialized population than tribes. Chief heads a system of economic redistribution.
States
Most formal & complex political form, although leadership form varies.
nation-state
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
