Unit 3 Exam: Human Biology 2 Flashcards
List the functions of the cardiovascular system.
The major function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate substances throughout the body. Its organs function to supply cell and tissues with nutrients and also to remove wastes from cells and tissues.
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
The body needs additional oxygen to make ATP.
What is the function of valves in the heart?
The valves in the heart keep the blood from going the wrong way.
During the cardiac cycle, what events are occurring?
Diastole and Systole
Which chambers of the heart are thicker? Why?
The ventricles are thicker because they have to pump blood out of the heart.
In blood pressure, what do the two numbers represent? What is happening to cause these numbers?
The first number is systole and the second is diastole. Systole is the pressure in the arteries while the heart is beating. Diastole is the pressure in the arteries between beats of the heart.
Distinguish between the terms systolic and diastolic.
Diastole: the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
Systole: the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
What are the two main components of the cardiovascular system?
The heart and blood vessels.
Distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of function
Arteries carry blood away from your heart. Veins carry blood back toward your heart. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and connect arteries and veins.
What are the atria?
Atria are the two upper chambers.
What are the ventricles?
Ventricles are the two lower chambers.
What is the function of valves in veins?
Valves keep the blood moving without backflow when going towards the heart.
What does the right side of the heart do?
The right-side pumps oxygen poor blood into the lungs.
What does the left side of the heart do?
The left side pumps oxygen rich blood into the body.
What does an ECG (EKG) record?
The heart electrical activity.
List functions of blood.
1) Transports substances to and from capillaries for exchange of tissue fluid
2) Helps destroy pathogenic microorganisms
3) Distributes antibodies
4) Maintains water balance and pH
5) Regulates body temperature
6) Carries platelets and factors to promote clotting and prevent blood loss
What makes blood red?
Hemoglobin makes blood red.
Describe the structure/characteristics of a red blood cell.
Red blood cells are circular with indents on each side.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Red blood cells carry oxygen.
What is the percentage of blood by weight in the human body?
8%
What are the two major parts of blood?
Liquids and solids
List the formed elements of blood.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What makes up over 90% of blood plasma?
Water
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
White blood cells protect from bacteria, germs, etc.
Where are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets produced?
In bone marrow.
What is agglutination?
Agglutination is clumping in blood caused by an antibody
What scenario would potentially produce a newborn with erythroblastosis fetalis?
When different Rh factor blood types mix during pregnancy. Problems can arise even if small amounts of Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood mix.
Why is oxygen important to humans?
Oxygen releases energy from food for ATP
Define ventilation.
Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Define external respiration.
Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood (with diffusion)
Define internal respiration.
Gas exchange between blood and tissues (with diffusion)
List, in order, the organs that air passes through from the outside to the alveoli.
Nose
nasal cavity
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
alveoli
What are the two systems that the pharynx is part of?
The respiratory system and digestive system
Describe the basic structure and function of the alveoli.
Alveoli are made of simple squamous epithelium tissue, that are small spherical shapes to allow for gas exchange.
What process causes both external and internal respiration to occur?
Changes in pressure.
What are functions of the respiratory system?
gas exchange
filter, warm air
control temperature and water content of air
vocal sound
smell
blood pH
What is the force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
A decrease of pressure.
List the steps leading to inspiration..
i. Creation of negative pressure in lungs
ii. The rid cage is elevated
iii. The diaphragm contracts and lowers
iv. Thoracic cavity increase in volume
v. Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure
vi. Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
List the primary functions of the digestive system.
Breaks food down so it can be used for energy
List the functions of the urinary system.
Excrete wastes, water and salt balance of blood, acid base balance of blood, secretion of hormones
Name the organs of the urinary system and give the function for each.
Adrenal glands-produce aldosterone
Kidneys-produce urine
Ureters-transports urine
Urinary bladder-stores urine
Urethra-passes urine to outside
What is the function of aldosterone?
Regulate salt and water in the body.
What is the stimulus that causes the release of aldosterone?
A decrease in blood pressure.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron.
What are the microscopic units that produce urine?
The nephron.
What are the general characteristics of a normal urine sample?
No protein
no sugar,
1.5-2L produced in a day
Clear
Pale yellow to light amber
Odor
pH of 6
has higher specific gravity then water
Name and describe the processes of urine formation.
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Name the parts of the nephron in sequence/].
Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
