Unit 3 Environmental: Core and Additional Studies

Question 1

What was the aim of Black and Blacks study?

Answer 1

To investigate the impact of aircraft noise on community health and wellbeing.

Question 2

What was the sample used in Black and Blacks study?

Answer 2

Experimental group= suburbs around flight path of Sydney Airport

Control group= matched on socioeconomic status to experimental group.

750 surveys sent back.

Question 3

What was the procedure of Black and Blacks study?

Answer 3

Cover letter to participants, but not disclosing the aircraft noise part.

26 noise stations around random houses in experimental area. 3 for control houses.

Data collected through questionnaire measuring factors such as health-related quality of life, noise stress and noise annoyance.

Question 4

What were the results of Black and Blacks study?

Answer 4

Noise exposure group more sharply annoyed by aircraft noise and had a worse health status than controls, especially in mental health.

Question 5

What was Glass and Singers study?

Answer 5

How noise can cause stress when doing simple cognitive tasks.

IVs: volume, predictability, perceived control.

Less control= more stress!

Question 6

What was Lundbergs study?

Answer 6

On the train, high density group had more adrenaline (stress) in urine than low density group.

Question 7

What was Kendrick and MacFarlanes study?

Answer 7

Stopped at traffic light. How long would it take people to horn in 31-46

Question 8

What was Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy?

Answer 8

Challenging irrational beliefs which can hinder the chances of success and happiness.

Activating event, belief, consequence, dispute, effect.

Question 9

What was the aim of Czeislers study?

Answer 9

To investigate the effect of applying the human circadian cycle to the design of a work schedule, considering shift rotation and the intervals between these rotations.

Question 10

What was the sample used in Czeislers study?

Answer 10

153 workers from Potash factory.

Phase advance system was used every 7 days.

Question 11

What was the procedure used in Czeislers study?

Answer 11

85 on rotating shifts (33 every 7 days and 52 every 21 days), and 66 on fixed shifts.

9 months later staff turnover and productivity were analysed, was well as the attitudes of the workers.

Question 12

What were the results from Czeislers study?

Answer 12

Workers preferred new phase delay system > old phase advance system.
21 days > 7 days.
21 days had better health index.

Question 13

What was the conclusion of Czeislers study?

Answer 13

The 21 day phase delay rotation system is most compatible with the properties of the human circadian system.

Question 14

What was Siffres study?

Answer 14

Spent 2 months in cave only eating and sleeping when body told him to.

24.5 hour circadian rhythm.

10 mins of activity= 1 minutes of REM sleep.

Question 15

What was Precket et al.’s study?

Answer 15

Questionnaire determines chronotype (lark or owl) of student. Done by student and parent.

Eveningness significant negative predictor in low GPA in language, maths and science.

Institution favours larks.

Question 16

What are melatonin supplements?

Answer 16

Used to treat sleeping disorders by adding hormone to body which would normally be released by pineal gland (which controls circadian rhythm) to tell the body to go to sleep.

Question 17

What is light box treatment?

Answer 17

Mimics outdoor light and treats people with Seasonal Affective Disorder, by sending light to pineal gland to prevent the production of melatonin.

Question 18

What was the aim of Lords study?

Answer 18

Investigate strategic approaches in increasing the compliance of participation in community recycling programmes.

Question 19

What was the sample used in Lords study?

Answer 19

140 households in USA ages 19-65

Question 20

What was the procedure used in Lords study?

Answer 20

First day- check bin content.
Second day- give message without being seen (either pos or neg and either from advertisement, newspaper article, or personal letter from acquaintance).

Week later- check bins again.
Day later- p’s contacted and given questionnaire about their attitude towards recycling and the message.

Question 21

What were the results of Lords study?

Answer 21

Experimental group recycled significantly more.

Personal positive most effective. Personal negative similar to control group.

Question 22

What were the conclusions of Lords study.

Answer 22

Personal messages, and positive messages are most effective when trying to motivate people to participate in community recycling programmes

/ customers prefer positively framed messages.

Question 23

What is the Yale Model of Persuasion?

Answer 23

People are more likely to be persuaded in the source is credible, and informal setting. More educated people are more likely persuaded by two sided argument and vice versa.

Question 24

What was the positive reinforcement in action in Oregon?

Answer 24

‘Bottle bill’- gave $0.05 back for bringing back bottles/cans.

Recycling increased from 20% to 90%.

Question 25

What was Luyben and Baileys study?

Answer 25

In four mobile parks, increase in recycling bins led to 52% increase in recycling of newspapers.

Question 26

What was Cialdinis study on social norms?

Answer 26

260 after hotel check either asked to
1. commit to be environmentally friendly during stay
OR
2. do specific commitment like reuse towels

Some were given ‘Friend of the World’ badge.

Specific commitment + badge = 20% more likely to do it..

Question 27

What was the aim of Drews and Doig’s study?

Answer 27

Develop the Configural Vital Sign (CVS) display in order to help nurses in intensive care units.

Question 28

What was the sample used in Drews and Doig’s study?

Answer 28

42 nurses with at least 1 years experience.
69% female.
Ages 25-64

Question 29

What was the procedure of Drews and Doig’s study?

Answer 29

4 patient scenarios: early sepsis, septic shock, pulmonary embolus, stable scenario. Nurse given info on medication and history, and then 5 minute son each.

Half of nurses used CVS display and half used tradition ICV.

Current State Object (CSO) showed how stable the patient was, with the colour representeing the % of oxygen in their blood.

Measured time taken and accuracy.

Question 30

What were the findings of Drews and Doig’s study?

Answer 30

CVS 48% quicker in septic shock scenario.
CVS 1/3 more accurate in septic shock and pulmonary embolus.
CVS less mentally demanding for nurses.

Question 31

What was the conclusion of Drews and Doig’s study?

Answer 31

Graphic data as opposed to numerical data can aid nurses to diagnose patients more quickly and accurately.

Question 32

What was Brown and Poultons study?

Answer 32

How number of inputs can affect a secondary task.
Car park or residential area.
What numbers jump sequence?
Sig. more mistakes in the car park.

Question 33

What was Millers theory about chunking?

Answer 33

If you chunk info together into meaningful units, the 7 remembered materials can be larger.

Question 34

What were the Hawthorne studies?

Answer 34

How does level lighting affect productivity?
Varied lighting and fixed lighting.
Productivity increased in both as they were being watched.

Question 35

What was the LED lights study?

Answer 35

24 from military camp did cognitive tasks and self report on mood in either fluorescent yellow lighting or LED white lighting
Cooler lighting= faster reaction and lower depression scores.

Question 36

What was the aim of Ulrichs study?

Answer 36

To investigate how the view of a hospital room can affect the patient staying in that room.

Question 37

What was the sample of Ulrichs study?

Answer 37

46 patients from Pennsylvania hospital from gall bladder surgery, 20-69.

Question 38

What was the procedure of Ulrichs study?

Answer 38

23 pairs matched on gender, age and marital status.
Either given brick or tree view.
Nurses blind to experiment and took notes on side effects, doses for anxiety, emotions.

Question 39

What were the findings of Ulrichs study?

Answer 39

Brick view avg. of 8 day stay while tree view avg. 7 day stay.

When patients had a brick view, more negative notes.

Question 40

What was the conclusion of Ulrichs study?

Answer 40

Trees can have a THERAPEUTIC EFFECT on physical health and mental wellbeing.

Question 41

What was Pruiett Igoe and Newman?

Answer 41

Housing unit for 12k people- went to shit.
Landings shared by 12 families were really bad.
Newman devised the concept of Defensible Space, which was lacking at the Pruiett Igoe

Question 42

What was White et al.’s study?

Answer 42

Those living in green spaces had higher life satisfaction.

Sample was over 10,000 people!

Question 43

What was Cohen et al.’s study?

Answer 43

How does noise affect reading ability.
54 children in New York apartments (quasi).
Auditory discrimination test (attention to sound) and reading ability tested by annual school tests.
Correlation co-efficient between floor level and word knowledge= (+0.55)

Question 44

What was Armitages study?

Answer 44

Greater Manchester.
Crime least likely to occur in a curvy cul-de-sac with no footpaths.
Footpaths must be wide, well-lit, and not next to property.

Question 45

What was the aim of Wells study?

Answer 45

To investigate how personalisation of desks affects the wellbeing of workers. Also do investigate if men and women personalise differently.

Question 46

What was the sample of Wells study?

Answer 46

338 office workers in Orange County California (but had sent out 661 surveys) across 20 companies. 5 companies did case studies.

Question 47

What was the procedure of Wells study?

Answer 47

Survey had 7 sections (i.e.) Personalisation of desk, wellbeing, and job satisfaction.

Case studies were recorded.

Question 48

What were the findings of Wells study?

Answer 48

Women personalise more, and more sentimental things than men, who personalise with awards and achievements. But no difference in importance.

Personalisation= more job satisfaction, and less staff turnover.

Question 49

What was the conclusion of Wells study?

Answer 49

Personalisation can be effective in enhancing employee wellbeing in the workplace.

Question 50

What was Middlemists study?

Answer 50

Mens urinals. Moderate distance, close distance, and control conditions.
The closer they are, the longer it takes to start urinating.
Invasion of space can have physiological consequence.

Question 51

What was Smiths study?

Answer 51

Territory on beaches. West Germans, Americans and French.

West Germans and males >

Question 52

What was ‘Hall’s zones of personal space’?

Answer 52

intimate, personal, social, public

Question 53

What was Sommer and Ross’ study?

Answer 53

Rearranged seating in Canadian hospital from sociofugal to sociopetal.
it combated the depressing effects of a waiting room.