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Biology Unit 3 > Unit 3: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Unit 3: Endocrine System Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Sperm develop flagella

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1
Q

What are the testes?

A
  • made of coiled up seminiferous tubules
  • leydig cells make testosterone when pituitary gland starts making LH at puberty
  • Sertoli cells make sperm when pituitary starts making FSH at puberty
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2
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Carrier sperm to receive fluid from prostate, cowpers, seminal vesicle

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3
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Keeps sperm below body temperature

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4
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Carriers semen out of the body

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5
Q

What are the ovaries?

A
  • makes estrogen and progesterone

- matures 1 egg (usually) each month called oogenesis

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6
Q

What are the Fallopian tubes or oviduct?

A
  • carries the egg towards the uterus

- where fertilization takes place

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7
Q

What is the fimbrae?

A
  • finger like openings of the Fallopian tubes that brush the ovary and cause an egg to be released
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8
Q

What is the uterus?

A
  • muscular organ with a lining of blood vessels called the endometrium
  • where an embryo implants itself and grows
  • can contract to push baby out
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9
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • opening of the uterus

- almost closed unless in labour, then it opens (dilates) 10cm to allow a baby to pass through it

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10
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Birth canal

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11
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A
  • systems uses chemical messages called hormones, which are made by glands
  • hormones are delivered to target cells by the blood stream
  • these cells have special protein receptors on them which only allow certain hormones to bind to them
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12
Q

What are lipid soluble hormones?

A

Diffuse into the target cell and then bind to receptors (ex. Estrogen)

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13
Q

What are water-soluble hormones?

A

Bind to receptors on the target cell membrane and then enter the cell (receptor assisted endocytosis)

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14
Q

Master glands…

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are considered the master glands because they control all feedback loops involving hormones (the master glands are controlled by the genes of the individual)

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15
Q

Hormones involved in male puberty…

A

Hypothalamus sends message to the pituitary gland which conducts production of FSH and LH.
This production of FSH stimulates the testes to make sperm while LH stimulates the tested to make testosterone

16
Q

What does testosterone do to the body?

A

Increases muscle
Decreases fat
Male characteristics

17
Q

What must occur in the body in order for a female to become pregnant?

A
  • an egg must be matured and released (ovulation)
  • cervix must make thick mucus to allow sperm to swim through it towards the egg
  • sperm must make it to the egg within 24 hours after ovulation
  • uterus lining must be thick enough to allow implantation
18
Q

What is the chance of pregnancy each month for an average women?

A

15%

19
Q

Hormones involved in female puberty….

A

Hypothalamus sends a message to the pituitary glands which produces FSH and LH. Production of FSH and LH stimulates ovaries to produced estrogen and progesterone

20
Q

What does estrogen do to the body?

A 
Regulates body temperature 
Increases bone density 
Increases body fat 
Female characteristics 
Lowers cholesterol
21
Q

Production of estrogen…

A

Continues until menopause when all of the functions of this hormone decease

22
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A
  • starts maturing of an egg
  • thickens endometrium
  • causes LH to be released
23
Q

What is the function of LH?

A
  • causes egg to be released

- causes empty follicle (corpus luteum) to make progesterone

24
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Keeps endometrium thick

25
Q

What are the turn off points of the female hormones of the menstrual cycle…

A

Production of estrogen turns off production of FSH

Production of progesterone from the corpus luteum turns off production of LH

27
Q

What occurs during days 10-17?

A

The hypothalamus detects the production of estrogen which signals the pituitary gland to make LH. LH makes an egg be released through ovulation

28
Q

What occurs during days 17-28?

A

The production of LH causes an empty follicle to turn into a corpus luteum which then makes progesterone. Progesterone maintains the thickness of the endometrium. The production of progesterone causes the production of LH to be turned off

29
Q

Describe the regulation of growth…

A

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to produce hGH (human growth hormone). hGH stimulates the liver to produce growth factor (hormone) which promotes bone growth, muscle growth and fat usage.

30
Q

Too much hGH as a child = …

A

Gigantism

31
Q

Too much hGH as an adult (perhaps due to a …) = …

A

Tumor of the pituitary

Called acromegaly

32
Q

Describe regulation of metabolism…

A

The hypothalamus produces TRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce TSH. This causes the thyroid gland to produce TY (thyroxine) which is needed from cellular respiration

33
Q

Too much T4 = …

A

Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease) causing weight loss, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, heart tolerance

34
Q

Too little T4 = …

A

Hypothyroidism causing weight gain, fatigue, goiter swelling of the thyroid gland causing enlargement of the neck) … can be caused by iodine deficiency because T4 is made of iodine

35
Q

What occurs during days 1-10 of the female menstrual cycle…

A

Pituitary gland produces FSH which stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen. Estrogen starts making a follicle and thickening the endometrium. This production of estrogen turns off the production of FSH

36
Q

Describe the regulation of blood sugar…

A

Pancreas detects high blood sugar (after a meal) and stimulates its beta cells to produce insulin. Insulin allows the body cells to let in the sugar which turns off pancreas detection

OR

Pancreas detects low blood sugar (after exercise) and stimulates its alpha cells to produce glucagon. Glucagon causes the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (sugar) which turns off pancreas detection

37
Q

Describe the body’s response to long term stress…

A

Hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland which releases a hormone called ACTH which stimulates the adrenal to produce cortisol. Cortisol can cause…

  • kidneys return water and salt to the blood (high blood pressure)
  • high blood sugar (type 2 diabetes)
  • suppressed immunity (always sick)
  • reduced inflammation
38
Q

Describe the body’s response to short term stress…

A

The hypothalamus sends a signal to the adrenal gland to produce adrenaline / epinephrine. This increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. This is similar to sympathetic nervous but effects last 10 times longer

Biology Unit 3 (3 decks)

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