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Biology Definitions Unit 3 and 4 > Unit 3 Definitions > Flashcards

Unit 3 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

A group of similar organisms whose members can interbreed in their natural environments to produce viable offspring.

A

Species

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2
Q

A species role and position in its environment; a species’ interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment

A

Niche

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3
Q

Within a species; between individuals of the same species

A

Intraspecific

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4
Q

Between different species

A

Interspecific

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5
Q

One species is completely dependent on the other, which is usually harmed

A

Parasitism

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6
Q

One organism captures, kills and feeds on another

A

Predation

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7
Q

Necessary and positive association between two organisms

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

A type of sampling in which a sample is taken of each strata of the population

A

Stratified sampling

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9
Q

Uses 100 point grid to estimate abundance of a particular species (eg quadrats)

A

Percentage Cover

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10
Q

The probability that a species will be found within a single quadrat
No of quadrats in which the species is found/total no of quadrats

A

Percentage Frequency

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11
Q

A measure of the number of species compared to the no. of individuals found in a sample, doesn’t say anything about evenness

S = s √N

A

Species Richness

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12
Q

How close in numbers each species in an environment is

A

Evenness (Relative Species Abundance)

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13
Q

A measure of the number of species found in a sample compared with the number of individuals

A

Species Diversity (Simpsons Diversity Index)

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14
Q

Increase in the size of a population in a particular habitat over time

A

Population growth

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15
Q

The graphical representation of the change in population density of an organism as it increases rapidly and then stops suddenly, due to environmental or other factors

A

J-Shaped Population Curve

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16
Q

The graphical representation of the change in population density of an organism when it initially increases slowly and then rapidly as it approaches an exponential growth rate, but then decreased and levels off as the environmental carrying capacity is reached

A

S-Shaped Population Curve

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17
Q

Organism that eats another living organism (or part of an organism) for nutrition

A

Consumer

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18
Q

Convert simple inorganic chemicals to complex organic molecules

A

Producer

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19
Q

Amount of organic matter in a system

A

Biomass

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20
Q

The total amount of organic matter in an ecosystem produced as a result of photosynthesis

A

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

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21
Q

Amount of energy available for herbivores in an ecosystem

A

Net Primary Production

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22
Q

The role and space an organism fills in an ecosystem, including all its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment

A

Niche (Ecological Niche)

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23
Q

The ‘potential’ job of a species resulting from its adaptations/competition with other species

A

Fundamental Nice

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24
Q

The actual job of a species resulting from its adaptations/competition with other species

A

Realised Niche

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25
Q

Change and development in plant communities over time to a climax community (hundreds of years).

A

Primary Succession

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26
Q

Second colonisation event occurring when previous plant community has been destroyed.

A

Secondary Succession

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27
Q

A double stranded molecule that occurs bound to proteins (histones) in chromosomes in the nucleus, as unbound circular DNA in the cytosol of prokaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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28
Q

Protective structures found at the end of chromosomes.

A

Telomeres

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29
Q

Basic unit of DNA, consist of a sugar, phosphate and base.

A

Nucleotide

30
Q

Enzyme that separates the two strands of parent DNA

A

DNA Helicase

31
Q

Symbol 2n, somatic cells

A

Diploid Cells

32
Q

Gametes, contain half the number of chromosomes, symbol ‘n’.

A

Haploid Cells

33
Q

The process in which gametes are produced.

34
Q

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis.

A

Non-disjunction

35
Q

The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.

A

Aneuploidy

36
Q

Refers to a single characteristic controlled by two or more genes.

A

Polygenic Inheritance

37
Q

Same allele combo (YY or yy)

A

Homozygous

38
Q

Different alleles (Yy)

A

Heterozygous

39
Q

Used widely in molecular biology to quickly make copies of a specific DNA segment

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

40
Q

Separation of DNA molecules according to size using an electrical field.

A

Gel Electrophoresis

41
Q

Required to form recombinant DNA

42
Q

Circular DNA structure

43
Q

A group of organisms that can potentially interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring.

44
Q

Different groups radiating from a common ancestor.

A

Divergent Evolution

45
Q

When organisms occupy similar environments and come to resemble one another (distantly related)

A

Convergent Evolution

46
Q

Occurs when there is a split from a common ancestor, but the separate groups evolve in a similar manner.

A

Parallel Evolution

47
Q

Different groups interacting so they act as a selective force on each other.

A

Co-Evolution

48
Q

An ancestral species splits into two or more descendant species that are genetically different from one another and can no longer interbreed.

A

Speciation

49
Q

Speciation- geographically isolated populations

A

Allopatric Speciation

50
Q

Speciation- Small population isolated at the edge of a larger population

A

Peripatric Speciation

51
Q

Speciation- continuously distributed population

A

Parapatric Speciation

52
Q

Speciation- Within the range of the ancestral population.

A

Sympatric Speciation

53
Q

The variation of allele frequencies at or above the level of species over geological time, resulting in the divergence of taxonomic groups, in which the descendant is in a different taxonomic group to the ancestor.

A

Macroevolution

54
Q

Evolution- Descendants become different in form from their common ancestor

A

Divergent Evolution

55
Q

Evolution- Independent evolution of similar traits in species that once shared a common ancestor

A

Parallel Evolution

56
Q

Evolution- Independent development of similarities between species as a result of selection pressures and ecological roles.

A

Convergent Evolution

57
Q

Evolution: Two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution.

A

Co-Evolution

58
Q

Small scale variation of allele frequencies within a species or population, in which the descendant is one of the same taxonomic group as the ancestor.

A

Microevolution

59
Q

Change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, which may result in the development of a new species

60
Q

The widespread and rapid extinction of a large number of species due to a catastrophic global event or rapid widespread environmental change.

A

Periodic Mass Extinctions

61
Q

The diversification of a species

A

Evolutionary Radiation

62
Q

An evolutionary process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into several divergent forms.

A

Adaptive Radiation

63
Q

The history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent.

64
Q

Selection- Occurs when natural selection for a particular phenotype maintains the consistency of a population.

A

Stabilising Selection

65
Q

Selection- Occurs when natural selection favours once in a typical extreme.

A

Directional Selection

66
Q

Selection- Occurs when natural selection favours individuals with extreme phenotypes.

A

Disruptive Selection

67
Q

Occurs when there are changes in small populations gene pool due to chance.

A

Genetic Drift

68
Q

A cause of genetic drift resulting from a small subgroup of the ‘parent’ population colonising a new area.

A

Founder Effects

69
Q

Occur when an event drastically reduces the size of a population and therefore its genetic diversity.

A

Bottleneck

70
Q

The movement and exchange of alleles between populations of a species.

Biology Definitions Unit 3 and 4 (3 decks)

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