Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Learning > Unit 3: Classical Conditioning > Flashcards

Unit 3: Classical Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What do cause and effect relationships tell us?

A

certain things occur in combination with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does learning to predict events occurring together influence us?

A

makes interaction with environment more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is the simplest mechanism by which we learn the association between events?

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the practical purpose of excitatory classical conditioning?

A

anticipating consequences from predictable events
(useful for survival)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov (dogs)
Twitmyer (knee jerk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which stimuli are ORIGINALLY involved in the classical conditioning process?

A

neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whats one major focus of research on classical conditioning? In this context, what’s one of the most well known experiments?

A

conditioning of emotional reactions
Little Albert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of response is freezing?

A

defensive response probably evolved to make prey less visible to predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is freezing? (biologically)

A

immobility of the body and absence of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sign tracking?

A

approaching and contacting stimuli that signal the availability of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does sign tracking correlate with?

A

individual differences in impulsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is aversion taste?

A

form of classical conditioning
animals learn to avoid a type of food paired with previous illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is an aversion learned?

A

ingestion of flavour is followed by aversive experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many trials does the acquisition of strong aversions take and how quickly does the negative effect need to happen?

A

can happen after just a single trial
can take up to several hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many percent of people (average) with food aversion know that the illness wasnt caused by the food they ate?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are familiar foods as likely as novel foods to cause aversions?

A

no, novel foods are highly susceptible to aversions, conditioning of previous foods is retarded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is nausea required to create food aversions?

A

no, they can happen without conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do neutral tastes always need to be followed by sickness to cause aversion?

A

no, they can also be created by linking the NS with a disliked taste also causes aversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of learning does the advertising industry apply?

A

evaluative learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does evaluative learning in ads work?

A

advertised product associated with things people already like
-> increases liking of product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens in excitatory conditioning?

A

subject learns association between CS and US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which is one of the main factors determining the effectiveness of classical conditioning?

A

relative timing of CS-US presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What’s the intertrial interval?

A

time from end of the trial to beginning of new trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the interstimulus interval?

A

time from presentation of CS to presentation of US

25
Q

Which interval needs to be shorter? Intertrial or interstimulus?

A

Interstimulus

26
Q

What are characteristics of short-delayed conditioning?

A

US occurs slightly after onset of CS (less than a minute)
CS may continue during US or end when US begins

27
Q

What are characteristics of trace conditioning?

A

bigger delay between end of CS and beginning of US
-> trace interval

28
Q

What are characteristics of long-delayed conditioning?

A

US starts long after the start of the CS
No trace interval

29
Q

What are characteristics of simultaneous conditioning?

A

CS and US presented at same time

30
Q

What are characteristics of backward conditioning?

A

US presented before CS
produces mixed results

31
Q

Why are control procedures necessary? (control groups)

A

to know whether response to CS represents CS-US association

32
Q

How do arousing stimuli change elicited responses and is this an associative process?

A

increase responses
sensitisation
-> no associative process

33
Q

In the context of fear conditioning, what are the respective outcomes of using short-delay procedures or simultaneous conditioning procedures?

A

short-delay: freezing
simultaneous: escape/flee

34
Q

What happens if there’s no CS-US interval in simultaneous conditioning? (=0)

A

little conditioning

35
Q

What’s the best predictor of the US? The termination or the beginning of the CS?

A

Termination

36
Q

What does the temporal coding hypothesis do?

A

teaches us what to expect and when to expect it

37
Q

Why are stress reduction techniques like meditation useful?

A

they help us create an environment in which we can be relatively sure that nothing bad will happen

38
Q

What does a conditioned inhibitor predict?

A

the absence of a US

39
Q

Whats a fundamental difference between excitatory and inhibitory conditioning, regarding the requirements?

A

excitatory: no prerequisites
inhibitory: requires previous conditioning of CS-US association

40
Q

What do Pavlov’s inhibitory conditioning trials involve?

A

2 CSs
2 kinds of conditioning trials (excitatory and inhibitory)

41
Q

What are everyday examples of inhibitory conditioning providing relief?

A

prayer
talking to friends or a therapist
comforting food
etc.

42
Q

What happens during a negative correlation procedure?

A

create negative CS-US contingency/ correlation
-> US is less likely to occur after CS than normally
=> doesnt involve explicit excitatory CS

43
Q

What gives the excitatory context for inhibition in negative CS-US correlation procedures?

A

environmental cues

44
Q

Does inhibitory conditioning always elicit the opposite response to excitatory conditioning?

A

no, as many behaviours aren’t bidirectional
e.g. freezing -> CS+ elicits freezing but CS- just prevents freezing and doesn’t increase activity above baseline

45
Q

How is conditioned inhibition normally measured?

A

indirectly
-> compound-stimulus test and retardation of acquisition test

46
Q

How does the compound-stimulus test work?

A

CS- predicts absence of fearful stimulus
-> time to return for behaviour to revert back to normal is decreased

47
Q

How does the Retardation of acquisition test work?

A

if stimulus inhibits a response
-> should be difficult to turn it into an excitatory stimulus once inhibitory conditioning is created

48
Q

When do CSs elicit a CR?

A

after conditioning with US

49
Q

When do USs elicit a UR?

A

without prior training

50
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

If a CS is highly familiar, it’s more difficult to create new associations

51
Q

What is latent inhibition useful for?

A

if you have a normal level:
-> able to ignore irrelevant stimuli due to habituation

52
Q

How does higher order conditioning work and what does it explain (partially)?

A

2 phases:
1. CS paired with US to provoke CR
2. CS1 paired with new CS2 to provoke CR in absence of US
explains learning of irrational fears

53
Q

Why does higher order conditioning occur rather than inhibitory conditioning?

A

Key factor: Number of times CS is paired with Absence of US
Few no-US trials: higher order conditioning
Many no-US trials: inhibitory conditioning

54
Q

How does sensory pre-conditioning work?

A

you associate two CSs
-> developing an aversion to one will most likely also cause an aversion to the other due to the association

55
Q

What determines the nature of the CR?

A

Nature of US
Nature of CS

56
Q

How does the blocking effect work?

A

learning of CR(salivate) to CS(light) is disrupted because US (food)was previously associated with another CS(tone)

57
Q

Why does blocking occur?

A

US has to be surprising to be effective
-> if US is signaled by another CS, US wont be surprising
-> won’t provoke mental effort necessary for association

58
Q

What does the Rescorla-Wagner Model state about learning?

A

effectiveness of US depends on how different it is from expectation
Strong CR = strong expectation
Weak CR = weak expectation

Learning (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions