Unit 3: circulatory and cardiovascular system Flashcards
functions of circulatory system
transporting blood, respritory gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes thru body.
regulation of hormones and temp
protection by clotting and immunity
major components of circulatory system
cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
cardiovascular system is composed of
-heart
-blood vessels
four chambered pump
heart
pump deoxygenated blood to lungs
right atrium/ right ventricle
pump oxygenated blood to body
left atrium/ left ventricle
include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
blood vessels
carry oxygenated blood away from heart
arteries
small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries
arterioles
tiny vessels where gas, nutrients, and waste exchange occur
capillaries
small branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries
venules
carry deoxygenated blood to heart
veins
network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help maintain fluid balance, support immune system, and assist in nutrient absorption
lymphatic system
includes Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues,
lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils,
lymph nodes)
lymphatic system
moves thru body via muscle contractiona nd valves
lymphatic system
produce and store active lymphocytes (wbc) to fight infections and remove harmful substances
lymphoid tissues
clear fluid containing wbc, proteins, and wastes
lymph
thin walled vessels that transport lymph thru body
lymphatic vessels
include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils
-filter lypmh and house immune cells
lymphatic organs
Average adult volume is about
5 liters
leaving the heart; bright
red, oxygenated except for blood going to
the lungs
arterial blood
entering the heart; dark
red, deoxygenated except for blood coming
from the lungs
venous blood
percentage of formed elements in blood
45%
percentage of plasma (by volume) in blood
55%
filters thru kidneys every 45 mins
blood
deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs
arteries
collects waste products like carbon dioxide and urea and returns blood to the heart to be pumped to the lungs for gas exchange
veins
carry nutrients, hormones, and wastes
plasma
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
RBC
fights infections
wbc
help with blood clotting
platelets
what is in the buffy coat
wbc and platelets
fluid part of the blood (55% blood volume)
carries cells and other substances thru body
plasma
contains water and dissolved solutes
plasma
are important for clotting, maintain osmotic pressure and immune responses. consists of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
plasma proteins
in plasma: are gasses, electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, and wastes. vital for transportation, homeostasis, and immune response
dissolved solutes
make up 7 to 8% of the plasma
plasma proteins
creates osmotic pressure to help
draw water from tissues into capillaries to
maintain blood volume and pressure
albumin
the most abundant. helps maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances like hormones, vitamins, and drugs
albumin
antibodies that are involved in immune defense, alpha/beta — which transport substances like lipids and iron
globulins
transport lipids and
fat-soluble vitamins
alpha and beta globulins
antibodies that function in
immunity
gamma globulins
why is blood clotting good
to prevent excessive bleeding, promote healing, prevent infection, and restores normal blood flow to injured area
helps with clotting. converted into fibrin during clotting process to help stop bleeding
fibrinogen
blood without fibrinogen
serum
liquid part of blood that remains after clotting
fibrinogen
produced by fibrinogen thru action of thrombin. helps form the clot
fibrin
Regulatory mechanisms maintain plasma
volume to
maintain blood pressure
regulates the bpdys water balance and BP by controlling how much water reabsorbed by kidneys
ADH
antidiuretic horm
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cause release of
ADH from the posterior
pituitary gland if fluid is lost
what are the formed elements of the blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
most abundant type of cell in blood. important for oxygen transport and essential for maintaining bodys overall circulatory system function
erythrocytes (rbc)
functions in transporting oxygen from lungs to tissues, carbon dioxide removal
erythrocytes (rbc)
why are erythrocytes biconcave
-SA and flexibility
maximum surface area so more hemoglobin against the membrane, easier for oxygen to get in bc of the surface area
lacks nuclei and mitochondria
erythrocyte
why do erythrocytes only have a 120 day half life
they are anucleated and cant repair
contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules
erythrocytes
in erythrocytes, iron heme is recycled from what organs? how are they carried
liver and spleen
-carried by transferrin in the blood to the red bone marrow
type of globulin that transfers iron.
transferrin
why do we need transferrin
iron is a heavy oxidizer which kills and destroys everything like proteins and lipids. it damages molecules that make up the cells. transferrin is important to transfer iron to prevent damage.
abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count
anemia
examples of anemia
a. Iron-deficiency anemia
b. Pernicious anemia
c. Aplastic anemia
what is stored in the diaphisis of long bones
yellow marrow=fat
what fail to produce rbc
erythropoiesis/ hemotopoesis
not enough iron to produce hemoglobin. caused by diet, blood loss, poor absorption of iron
iron-deficiency anemia
inability to absorb iron.
-issue with the uptake. absorption of iron (digestive)
Pernicious anemia
caused by issue with differentiation during hemotopoiesis.
-bone marrow fails to produce enough rbc,wbc, platelets
aplastic anemia
what protein is used to grab the oxygen
hemoglobin
aka white blood cells
leukocytes
have nuclei and mitochondria
leukocyte
move in amoeboid fashion
leukocyte
in leukocytes, what is diapedesis
movt thru the post capillary venule into connective tissue
why does diapedisis move thru post capillary venule
low pressure
uses foot like projections of the cell to move out of circulation into connective tissue
diapedesis
why do we need wbc to move out of circ into tissue (diapedesis)?
immune response
the vessel that makes diapedesis possible
post capillary venule
types of leukocyte
granular and agranular
granular leukocyte and the types
contain granules with enzymes to fight
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
“first responders” fight bacteria and fungi. act as macrophages until the actual macrophages come
neutrophils
respond to parasites and allergic reactions. secrete toxins from parasites
eosinophils
involved with severe allergic reactions and inflammation
basophils
what are agranular leukocyte and the types
smooth cytoplasm and role in immune defense, antibody production, phagocytosis
-monocytes and lymphocytes
adaptive immunity (tcells, b cells, nk cells)
lymphocytes
phagocytosis pathogens and debris. differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. present antigens
monocytes
communicate with mast cells to vasodilate(increase blood flow) and bronchoconstriction (narrow airways. imp for allergic reactions)
basophils
aka thrombocytes
platelets
platelets are Smallest formed element, fragments of large
cells called
megakaryocytes
very large bone marrow cell. their job is to produce platelets. inside bone marrow. grow huge and develop massive nucleus. they break off tiny pieces of their cytoplasm- which become platelets
megakaryocyte
lack nuclei
platelets
Very short-lived (5 to 9 days)
platelets
clot with with several other chemicals and
fibrinogen
platelet
platelets release— that stimulates —
serotonin; vasoconstriction
when you get a cut, these rush to the scene to stick together and form a clot. they stop you from bleeding too much and help begin the healing process
platelets
why do i want vasoconstriction is im clotting
reduce area for platelets to interact with clotting factors and for clotting factors to interact with each other
what is the process of blood cell formation; in red bone marrow
hematopoiesis
the process of all blood cells (rbc,wbc,platelets) are made in the bone marrow. replace old and lost blood cells
hematopoiesis
embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells. this is the master cell that give rise to all blood cells.
hematopoietic stem cells
found in bone marrow, can turn into myeloid and lymohoid tissue, make all different blood cells
hematopoietic stem cells
as cells differentiate, they develop
membrane receptors for chemical signals
hematopoiesis
“factory floor” of blood cell production.
-red bone marrow, found in spongy bone (hips, ribs, sternum)
-produce rbc, platelets, and most wbc
myeloid
where lymphocytes mature and function. found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus.
-traning center for immune cells
lymph tissue
formation of rbc
erythropoiesis
happens mainly in red bone marrow (hips, sternum, pelvis)
erythropoiesis
important for keeping tissues oxygenated during exercise, high altitudes, anemia, and blood loss
erythropoiesis
how is erythropoiesis stimulated
Process stimulated by erythropoietin from the
kidneys that respond to low blood O 2 levels -
hypoxia
tell bone marrow to make more rbc to improve oxygen delivery
erythropoietin
the process takes about 3 days
erythropoiesis
in eythropoiesis, most iron is recycled from rbc and the rest come from
diet
Intestinal iron secreted into blood through
ferroportin channels
move iron out of cells into bloodstream (iron transport protein).
-found in enterocytes, macrophages, hepatocytes
ferroportin channels
all iron travels in blood bounded to
transferrin
delivers it to tissues like bone marrow. blood protein that binds and transports iron thru body
-“iron taxi”
transferrin
binds to iron in the blood and delivers to bone marrow, liver, and other tissues. keep iron soluble and nontoxic in blood. help regulate iron levels
transferrin
Major regulator of iron homeostasis is the
hormone
hepcidin
removes ferroportin channels to promote cellular
storage of iron and lowers plasma iron levels
hepcidin
formation of wbc in bone marrow
leukopoiesis
stimulate th production of different subtypes
cytokines
small signaling proteins that act like the bodies cellular messengers, especially in immune system and during inflammation, healing, and growth
cytokines
Multitudes of — are used to carefully
direct differentiation
cytokines
stimulates growth of
megakaryocytes and maturation into
platelets
thrombopoietin
an abnormally
elevated platelet count. This occurs when
conditions such as acute blood loss,
inflammation, cancer, and others
stimulate the liver to produce an excess
of thrombopoietin
thrombocytosis
in red bone marrow, Process of blood cell formation (rbc, wbc, platelets)
hematopoiesis
embryonic cells
that give rise to all blood cells
Hematopoietic stem cells
what potency is HSC and why
multipotent bc it can become any cell of tissue type (blood)
where does hematopoiesis occur
occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone
marrow) and lymphoid tissue
found in spongy bone (hips, ribs, sternum). produce rbc, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes
-“factory floor” of blood cell production
myeloid projenitor
where lymphocytes mature and function. found in lymoh nodes, spleen, thymus.
-training center for immune cells (b, t, nk cells)
lymphoid projenitor
Formation of red blood cells
-happens mainly in red bone marrow
erythropoiesis
important for keeping tissues oxygenated
erythropoiesis
tells bone marrow to make more rbc to improve oxygen delivery.
-hormone in kidneys. the signal to start erythropoiesis
erythropoietin
erythropoies is stimulated by —from the
kidneys that respond to low blood O 2 levels -
hypoxia
why does epo come from kidneys
bc they taste and sample the blood. they constantly filter all 5 L of blood every 45 mins
what happens when hypoxis begins= lower blood levels
signals kidneys to release EPO, epo travels into blood and to the bone marrow. it tells the stem cells to differentiate into rbc. more rbc= more oxygen-carrying capacity
Most iron is recycled from old RBCs, the rest
comes from ?
diet
where does recycle old rbc occur
in spleen
Intestinal iron secreted into blood through
?
ferroportin channels
in intestinal mucosa. regulate if iron can enter the blood. if removed, iron gets stored in intestines
ferroportin channels
iron transport protein. move iron out of cells into blood stream
ferroportin channels
All iron travels in blood bound to
transferrin
blood protein that binds and transports iron thru the body “iron taxi”
-delivers iron to tissues like bone marrow
transferrin
helps regulate iron levels
transferrin
Major regulator of iron homeostasis is the
hormone —-which removes
ferroportin channels to promote cellular
storage of iron and lowers plasma iron levels
hepcidin
liver hormone. regulates iron levels in the body.
hepcidin
before cells go thru circulation, what will go thru anucleation and gives us the final rbc
reticulocyte
btwn blood cells used in circulation. they are basically hormones. signals so cells can talk to each other and how cells know what to do
cytokines
why do we need lots of cytokines
bc cells are listening to different levels and specific types
not enough platelets/ blood too thin
throbocytopenia
what are blood typing
antigens and antibodies
found on the surface of cells to
help immune system recognize self cells
antigens
secreted by lymphocytes in
response to foreign cells
antibodies
antigens on erythrocyte cell
surfaces
abo system
designed to stick to membrane bound proteins like sugars. they are specificity. transfusions
antigens
immune response from B cell. proteins produced by plasma cells (Bcells). float thru circulation and exit the blood into tissue. if it comes into contact with any cell that has the protein they were build to bind to, they will kill that cell by agglutination
antibodies
clumping of particles (like rbc) in a liquid in response to specific antibodies. kep process in serological testing and blood testing
agglutination
protein on the surface of rbc. important for blood transfusions and pregnancy. Antigen D
Rh factor
positive or negative. protein on the surface of rbc that determines whether its Rh- or Rh+
Antigen D
Rh+ has the…
antigen
—-does not have the antigen; will not
have antibodies unless exposed to Rh+ either
through a blood transfusion or pregnancy
Rh-
An Rh − mother exposed to
Rh + fetal blood produces antibodies. This may
cause
erythroblastosis fetalis in future pregancies
-mothers immune system attacks the rbc of developing fetus.
-this occurs when the mol crosses placenta, causing babys rbc to break down fast, resulting in hemolysis and anemia. how does it get treated
Erythroblastosis fetalis; RhOGAM
cessation of bleeding when
a blood vessel is damaged
hemostasis
process of maintaining healthy state of blood flow
hemostasis
damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing:
-vasoconstriction
-formation of platelet plug
-formation of fibrin protein web
happy endothelium
intact endothelium
Intact endothelium secretes —
and —, which:
-prostacyclin; nitric oxide
-vasodilate and inhibit platelet aggregation
secreted into circulation from endothelium. prevents sticky platelets
prostacyclin
is a vasodilator and helps vessels have self control
nitric oxide
how does an endothelium prevent blood clots
secrete prostacyclin and nitric oxide, prevent platelet from hitting collagen, and CD39
breaks ADP to AMP + Pi
CD39
why do I want vasodilation if im a happy endothelium
for slower blood flow, keep clotting factors further spaced from each other. not easy for clotting factors to come together
Breaks down ADP into AMP and P i to inhibit
platelet aggregation further
CD39
Damaged endothelium exposes
collagen
when theres damaged endothelium and collagen is exposed, what happens first
platelets bind to collagen
when theres damaged endothelium and collagen is exposed, what happens after platelets bind to collagen
Von Willebrand factor hold them there (this is a protein that anchors platelets to basement membrane or collagen surrounds SM cells)
when theres damaged endothelium and collagen is exposed, what happens after VWF and what is secreted
Platelets recruit more platelets and form a platelet plug
by secreting:
-ADP (sticky platelets)
-serotonin (vasoconstriction)
-Thromboxane A
Activated platelets also activate
plasma clotting factors
benefit of seratonin and vasoconstriction
smaller area so makes it easier for ADP to activate other platelets and clotting factors
clotting factors form
fibrin
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin via one of
two pathways
intrinsic and extrinsic
is factor 10 is converted to factor 10 active, what happens
prothrombin converts to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin and forms a clot
Activated by exposure to collagen.
Factor XII activates a cascade of other blood
factors
intrinsic
Initiated by tissue thromboplastin
(factor III). This is a more direct pathway.
extrinsic
secreted by tissue to cause a clot
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin together with calcium and
phospholipids (from the platelets) converts
prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin,
which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
proteins in blood that work tgthr to stop bleeding by forming a clot
clotting factors
what digests fibrin
plasmin
dissolves a clot. is in circulation, becomes plasmin in response to clotting, and dissolves the clot. breaks apart the fibrin web
plasminogen
clotting can be prevented by drugs like
heparin: blocks thrombin
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
complete blood types
A+, O-, AB-
if im O-, what antibodies are in circulation
all! A,B, and D
blood vessel walls and their layers
-tunica intima(simple squamous epithelium)
-tunica media(smooth muscle)
-tunica externa(areolar conn tiss)
when endothelium is stressed, what happens
stops converting ADP to AMP, stops secreting prstacyclin and nitric oxide.
-could be due to constant high BP or toxins stressing the cell
damaged BV is
intrinsic
