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National 5 Chemistry > Unit 3, Chemistry in society > Flashcards

Unit 3, Chemistry in society Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of metallic bonding?

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions and delocalized electrons.

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2
Q

Why are metallic elements conductors of electricity?

A

They contain delocalized electrons.

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3
Q

What is the product of a reaction between a metal and an oxide?

A

A metal oxide.

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4
Q

What are the products of a reaction between a metal and water?

A

A metal hydroxide and hydrogen.

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5
Q

What are the products of a reaction between a metal and a dilute acid?

A

A salt and hydrogen.

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6
Q

How are metals ordered?

A

In order of reactivity.

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7
Q

How are metals used to produce soluble salts?

A

Excess metal from reactions is added to an appropriate acid, the mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is evaporated to dryness.

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8
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

The gain of electrons by a reactant.

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9
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

The loss of electrons by a reactant.

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10
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Where both reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.

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11
Q

What other name can redox reaction be referred to?

A

Displacement reactions.

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12
Q

What is the definition of an ore?

A

A rock with a high percentage of a certain mineral.

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13
Q

How do you determine what method of extraction to use on different metals?

A

Depends on where the metal is in the reactivity series

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14
Q

Name the first method of extraction, the metals it is used on, and why?

A

Heat alone, for Ag, Au, and Hg. This is because they are unreactive elements.

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15
Q

Name the second method of extraction, the metals it is used on, and why?

A

Heating with carbon/carbon monoxide, for Cu, Pb, Sn, Fe, and Zn. This is because they are slightly more reactive.

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16
Q

Name the third method of extraction, the metals it is used on, and why?

A

Electrolysis, for the rest of the elements higher on the electrochemical series. This is because they are most reactive.

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17
Q

What is the definition of electrolysis?

A

The decomposition of an ionic compound into it’s elements using electricity.

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18
Q

What is the definition of an electrolyte?

A

Electrically conducting solutions containing ions.

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19
Q

How do electrons flow in the electrochemical series?

A

From elements higher in the series to one lower in the series.

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20
Q

What is the relationship between elements in the electrochemical series and the voltage they produce?

A

The further the elements are apart in the electrochemical series, the greater the voltage is when used to make an electrochemical cell.

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21
Q

How can a simple cell be made?

A

By placing two metals into an electrolyte.

22
Q

How can another cell be made?

A

By using two half cells.

23
Q

What is the definition of a half-cell?

A

Metals in solutions of their own ions.

24
Q

What is the definition of an ion/salt bridge?

A

Something, usually filter paper, is used to link the two half-cells. Used so ions can travel across it to complete the electrical circuit.

25
Q

What is the definition of plastic?

A

An example of a material known as polymers.

26
Q

What is the definition of a polymer?

A

Large chain molecules that are made by joining together a large number of small molecules called monomers.

27
Q

What is the definition of a monomer?

A

Small molecules used to make polymers.

28
Q

What is addition polymerization?

A

The name that’s given to a chemical reaction where unsaturated monomers are joined, making a polymer.

29
Q

How are the names of the polymers decided?

A

They are derived from whatever monomer that was used.

30
Q

What is the definition of a repeating unit?

A

The shortest section of the polymer chain. If repeated, yields the complete polymer chain, not including the end group.

31
Q

How can you draw the structure of a polymer?

A

If you are given the monomer or the repeating unit.

32
Q

What is the definition of fertilizers?

A

Substances restore elements that are essential for healthy plant growth, and are good for the soil.

33
Q

What elements are fertilizers made up of?

A

Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphurs.

34
Q

What compounds are used to produce soluble, nitrogen-containing salts that are used as fertilizers?

A

Ammonia and nitric acid.

35
Q

What are the properties of ammonia?

A

It is pungent (very bad smelling), it is colourless, and it is a gas.

36
Q

What does ammonia dissolve in water to do?

A

Form an alkaline.

37
Q

What do ammonia solutions react with acid to form?

A

Soluble salts.

38
Q

What is the Haber process used to form?

A

Ammonia.

39
Q

What happens to the Haber reaction at low temps?

A

The forward reaction is too slow to be economical.

40
Q

What happens if you increase the temperature of the Haber reaction?

A

The reaction rate increases, but the backwards reaction becomes more dominant.

41
Q

What is used to increase the reaction rate for the Haber process?

A

An Iron catalyst.

42
Q

What is the Otswald process?

A

A process that uses ammonia, oxygen, and water to produce nitric acid.

43
Q

What is used to speed up the reaction rate for the Otswald process?

A

A platinum catalyst.

44
Q

What does radioactive decay involve?

A

The change in nuclei of atoms.

45
Q

What is the definition of radioisotopes?

A

Unstable nuclei. These unstable nuclei can become more stable by giving out Alpha, Beta, or Gamma radiation.

46
Q

Define Alpha radiation?

A

They have 2 protons and 2 neutrons and carry a double positive charge. They can only travel a few cm in the air and can be stopped by a piece of paper. They are attracted to a negatively charged plate.

47
Q

Define Beta radiation?

A

Electrons that are ejected from the nucleus of an atom. They travel over 1m in the air, and can be stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum They are attracted towards a positively charged plate.

48
Q

Define Gamma radiation?

A

Electromagnetic waves emitted from within the nucleus of an atom. They travel very far in the air and can be stopped by lead or concrete. They are not deflected by an electric field.

49
Q

What is the definition of nuclide notation?

A

How we write balanced nuclear equations.

50
Q

What is the definition of half life?

A

The time it takes for half of the nuclei of an isotope to decay.

51
Q

What are some of the half-life rules?

A

The half-life is constant and is unaffected by chemical and/or physical conditions .

52
Q

What can radioisotopes be used for?

A

To date materials. They are also used in medicine and heavy industry.

National 5 Chemistry (1 decks)

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