Unit 3: Chapter 8, 13, 14 Flashcards
1
Q
Explain what the following means:
s
A
summer dry season (A, C & D)
1
Q
Metamorphic Rocks
A
formed from other rocks, changed under heat and pressure (ex. limestone turns to marble)
1
Q
Batholith
A
the largest and most amorphous of igneous intrusions
2
Q
Explain what the following means:
F
A
ice cap (E)
2
Q
What is the relationship between rocks and minerals?
A
minerals are the building blocks of rocks
3
Q
How are seismic waves used to look into the earth?
A
Inside the earth
3
Q
Lava vs. Magma
A
Magma is the molten material beneath the Earth’s surface, while when it reaches the surface and comes out of the volcano it becomes lava
4
Q
Describe the following climate:
Aw
A
tropical savannah - wet most of the year with a distinct dry season during the winter, warm and hot temperature year round. Migration of sun’s direct rays causes a shift in pressure and wind belts, which causes a distinct dry season in the winter.
5
Q
external processes
A
destructive processes that serve to denude or wear down the landscape, including weathering, mass wasting and erosion
6
Q
Know the general geographic regions for the following climates:
C
A
occupy the equatorward margin of the midlatitudes and extend further poleward along the west coast than the east coast.
6
Q
Identify the contributing causes:
C
A
a transition between warmer tropical climates
6
Q
Transform Plate
A
two plates slipping past one another laterally
6
Q
Know how to determine the magnitude of an earthquake, ex. how much greater is a 6.0 earthquake than a 3.0 earthquake?
A
A 7 magnitude earthquake would be 1 million times stronger than a 1.0.
1,000,000 (7 digits)
So a 6.0 magnitude earthquake would be 1,000 times greater 3.0.
6
Q
epicenter
A
location on the surface directly above the center of fault rupture during an earthquake
7
Q
Sedimentary Rocks
A
The compaction and cementation of sediments - unconsolidated sediments > compaction > cementation (ex. sandstone)
7
Q
Intrusive Rocks
A
solidified beneath the earth’s surface and cool slowly, have a larger crystalline structure (ex. granite)
8
Q
Describe the following climate:
Cfd
A
Humid Continental - cool summer, severe winter
9
Q
Explain what the following means:
S
A
steppe (B)
9
Q
Identify the contributing causes:
D
A
humid continental: dominated by the westerly wind belt
sub arctic: westerlies and cyclonic storms
9
Q
Pyroclastic Material
A
solid rock fragments thrown into the air by volcanic explosions
9
Q
Volcanoes found along the west coast of North America are classified as what type of volcano?
A
composite
11
Q
Explain what the following means:
C
A
mild midlatitude: mild winters, warm or hot summers
12
Q
Volcanic ash
A
fine particles of pyroclastic material blown out of a volcanic vent
13
Q
Define Rock
A
solid material composed of aggregated mineral particles
14
What are the characteristics of a cinder volcano?
smallest of volcanic mountains
magma chemistry varies, but basaltic magma is most common
cone-shape peaks built by the pyroclastic materials that are ejected from the volcanic vent
15
How do Seismic waves operate?
P-wave - push or pull / compression wave, travels through both solids and liquids, like a slinky back and forth
S-wave - shear, like shaking a slinky up and down, or the way waves go through jump rope, only goes through solids
15
Why are sedimentary rocks most commonly found on earth's surface? But ingeneious rocks are the most abundant in the earth's crust?
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the combination of sediment and other objects on top of the surface, but ingeneous rocks are formed under the surface
16
# What is the physical state of the following:
Crust
oceanic and continental crust - solid
18
# Identify the contributing causes:
A
movement of the intertropical convergence zone
19
# Describe the following climate:
Am
tropical monsoon - high amounts of precipitation during one season, and low precipitation during another. Fairly constant high temperature caused by seasonal migration of direct rays of sun causes wind and pressure belts to shift. Trades bring the rains and high pressure brings dry season.
20
# Describe the following climate:
BSk
Cold Steppe - similar to a BSh except cooler, caused by continental interior location, shielded from precipitaiton by mountains, higher elevations
21
dike
a vertical or nearly vertical sheet of magma that is thrust upward into preexisting rock
22
Volcanism
general term that refers to movement of magma from the interior of Earth to or near the surface
23
# Explain what the following means:
D
severe midlatitude: severe, cold winters
24
Map out the arrangement of the various layers of the earth
Lithosphere includes:
Crust - 5 to 50 miles
Upper Mantle
Mantle includes:
(Upper Mantle)
and Asthenosphere
then Lower Mantle
25
# What is the physical state of the following:
Outer Core
molten
27
# Explain what the following means:
E
polar: cold climates
27
Volcanic bombs
large fragments of solid rock that drop to the ground immediately around the volcano during eruption
28
What is a fault?
a fracture or zone of fracture where the rock is forcefully broken with an acoompanying displacement, that is, an actual movement of the crust on one or both sides of the break. The movement can be horizontal or verticle, or a combination of both.
29
# Describe the following climate:
Cs
Mediterranean - mild with distinctly dry summers, most precipitation occurs in winter. Subtropical High dominates in summer, westerlies in winter.
31
# Explain what the following means:
f
wet all year (in A, C & D)
31
# Describe the following climate:
Dfa & Dwa
Humid Continental (hot summers)
31
What is the wave time difference between P and S waves?
7.8 miles / sec
33
# Describe the following climate:
BWk
Midlatitude desert - cold desert, shortage of precipitation every month of the year, cool to cold temperatures, unreliable precipitation pattern. Caused by continental interior location, often shielded from precipitation by mountain ranges, frequently at higher elevations
33
# Describe the following climate:
Dfc & Dwc
Subarctic (cool summers)
34
What are some arguments for Plate tectonic theory and how does it relate to the theory of continental drift?
35
compaction
packing of the particles as a result of the weight of overlying material
36
Hot Spots / Mantle Plumes
a location where molten mantle magma rises to, or almost to, Earth's surface
37
What causes earthquakes?
produced by shock waves resulting frmo a sudden displacement along a fault
38
What is the mohoveric discontinuity?
the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle. Simply known as Moho.
39
lava flow
40
# Describe the following climate:
Cfc
Humid Continental - mild summer, cold winter
40
Be able to identify the 7 major plates discussed in class:
1. Pacific Plate
2. North American Plate
3. South American Plate
4. African Plate
5. Antactica Plate
6. Indian-Australia Plate
7. Eurasian Plate
(Other small plates:
8. Caribbean Plate
9. Nazca Plate
10. Philippines Plate)
41
What is a climograph?
represents monthly temperature and precipitation for a specific weather station.
41
Define Ingeneous Rock? What are the two main characters?
formed from molten rock
intrusive vs. extrusive
43
# Explain what the following means:
w
winter dry season (A, C & D)
44
# Know the general geographic regions for the following climates:
B
cover about 30% of the land area of the world, mainly in subtropical latitudes, especially in the western and central portion of continents
45
# Explain what the following means:
H
highland: based on elevation
46
# Explain what the following means:
h
hot desert or steppe (B)
46
Define mineral
a naturally formed solid inorganic substance that has a specific chemical composition
46
Reverse Fault
A fault produced from compression, with the upthrown block rising steeply above the downthrown block, so that the fault scarp would be severly oversteepened if erosion did not act to smooth the slope.
48
# What is the physical state of the following:
Asthenosphere
semi-molten (part of the mantle)
49
cementation
the infilling of pore spaces among the particles by a cementing agent, such as silica, calcium carbonate or iron oxide
50
# Explain what the following means:
m
monsoonal precipitation pattern (in A, C & D)
(very wet summer)
51
What is the relationship between a fault and an earthquake?
52
# Describe the following climate:
EF
Icecap - Always covered with snow and ice
53
Why is crystal size different between extrusive and intrusive rocks?
intrusive rocks form beneath the surface and have a longer cooling time, so they have more time to form a larger crystal structure
54
What is an earthquake?
vibrations generated by abrupt movemement of Earth's crust
55
# Describe the following climate:
Dfd & Dwd
Subarctic (very cold winters)
57
# Explain what the following means:
d
very cold winters (in C & D)
59
# Explain what the following means:
c
cool summers (in C & D)
60
Laccolith
An igneous intrusion produced when slow-moving, viscous magma is forced between horizontal layer of preexisting rock. The magma resists flowing and builds up into a mushroom-shaped mass that domes the overlying strata. If near enough to Earth's surface, a rounded hill will rise above the surrounding area
61
Extrusive Rocks
solidified at the earth's surface and cool quickly, smaller crystalline structure (ex. obsidian)
62
# What is the physical state of the following:
Lithosphere
Upper Mantle & Crust - solid
64
# Identify the climate regions:
Climate Region Map
Map Answeres
65
Why is Arica, Chile the driest place on earth?
it lies int he belt of trade winds, which come from the east,
67
# Explain what the following means:
k
cold desert or steppe (B)
68
# Identify the contributing causes:
F
defined by their elevation - with increasing altitude, temperature and pressure generally decrease
70
# Describe the following climate:
BSh
Subtropical Steppe - caused by it being under the influence of the Subtropical High much of the year, Equatorial Low brings moisture to the low latitude BSh climates. Westerlies bring precipitaion to higher latitude BSh climates.
71
# Describe the following climate:
Cwb
dry winters - high pressure in winter, continental interior location
72
What is meant by the ring of fire?
The distribution of volcanoes that makes a ring from the tip of south america, up along the west coast of the US, the east coast of asia, especially the islands, ending in the islands to the east of australia
74
# Describe the following climate:
Cwa
humid subtropical, caused by high pressure in winter
75
# Know the general geographic regions for the following climates:
A
occupy almost all of the land in the tropics
75
Diverging Plate
magma from the asthenosphere wells up in the opening between plates, producing a continuous line of active volcanoes
continental-continental:
oceanic-oceanic:
77
# What is the physical state of the following:
Mantle
solid
asthenosphere - semi-molten
78
What do scientists mean by the term plate tectonics?
it is a coherent theory of massive crustal rearrangement based on the movement of continent-sized lithospheric plates.
80
What is the Dendrochronology?
study of past events and past climate through the analysis of tree rings
81
# Describe the following climate:
Cfa
Humid Subtropical - hot summer, mild winter
(Ex. Wilmington, NC)
82
relief
83
What scale is used to rate earthquakes?
Richter Scale
84
How do you read a Climograph?
There are 12 columns, one for each month, temperature scale on the left and a precipitation scale on the right.
85
Sill
a long, thin intrusive body that is formed when magma is forced between parallel layers of preexisting rock to solidify eventually in a sheet
87
What is the significance of plate tectonics to major land forms around the world?
\_\_\_
89
# Know the general geographic regions for the following climates:
E
polar - farthest from the equator
91
# Explain what the following means:
B
dry: evaporation exceeds precipitation
91
Converging Plate
plates collide and as such are sometimes called "destructive" boundaries because they result in removal or compression of the surface crust
oceanic-oceanic: as one plate moves beneath the other , a trench is formed, forming volcanoes on the ocean floor.
continental-continental: no subduction takes place because continental crust is too buoyant to subduct. Huge mountain ranges, like the Alps, are built up. Another example is the Himalayas
92
# What is the physical state of the following:
Inner Core
solid
93
Volcanic dust
small particles of volcanic ash that aren't large enough to cause damage but are ejected during eruption
94
What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?
emit higher silica "intermediate" lavas such as andesite often erupt explosively and tend to develop into symmetrical, steep-sided volcanoes
96
What is an ingeneious intrusion?
Features formed by the emplacement and cooling of magma below the surface
97
What is responsible for the formation of the Hawaiian islands?
Hot Spot remains at one location, as the plate moves, islands (extinct volcanoes) are cut off from the lava source and eventually they are worn below sea level
The oldest islands were formed first when they past over the hot spot, progressively younger islands were formed as they past over the hot spot, and as the plate continued to move, the older islands shifted further and further from the hot spot
98
# Identify the contributing causes:
E
farthest from the equator and recieve too little insolation for any significant warming
99
# Know the general geographic regions for the following climates:
H
highlands - mountains and plateaus
100
internal processes
101
What is Paleoclimatology?
the study of past climates
102
# Identify the contributing causes:
B
airid regions of the world develop from 1. the lack of air uplift necessary for cloud formation or 2. lack of moisture in the air (or both)
103
Describe and draw the rock cycle
Rock Cycle
105
Overthrust Fault
A fault created by compression forcing the upthrown block to override the downthrown block at a relatively low angle
106
Normal Faultt
The result of tension (extension) producing a steeply inclined fault plane, with the block of land on one side being pushed up, or upthrown, in relation to the block on the other side, which is downthrown.
107
# Explain what the following means:
T
tundra (E)
108
# Describe the following climate:
Cfb
Marine West Coast - warm summer, cool winter
109
# Describe the following climate:
BWh
subtropical desert - hot desert. Subtropical High Pressure belts, contintental interior location, regions can be extended by cold ocean currents
111
# Describe the following climate:
Af
tropical rainforest - wet year round, hot, little variation in season caused by zone of low pressure caused by nearly direct rays throughout the year, which cause strong convectional currents which bring heavy precipitation
112
# Know the general geographic regions for the following climates:
D
only in the northern hemisphere, from 40 to 70 degrees
113
# Describe the following climate:
ET
Tundra - only snow-free for 2 to 3 months during the summer, very delicate environment
114
To be considered a Mineral, a substance must be:
* be solid
* be naturally found in nature
* be inorganic
* have a specific chemical composition wherever found that varies only with certain limits
* contan atoms arranged in a regular pattern to form solid crystals
115
Magnitude
116
What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?
118
# Describe the following climate:
Dfb & Dwb
Humid Continental (warm summers)
119
How was Crater Lake formed?
Mount Mazama was an active volcano 7000 years ago, magma flow is cut off and pressure builds. This leads to an explosion which blows off 4000 feet of mountain top, creating a caldera. A new fissure forms volcano known as Wizard Island. Caldera fills with water.
121
# Explain what the following means:
a
hot summers (in C & D)
122
What is the relative speed at which seismic waves travel?
P-waves travel faster than S-waves when travelling through the same kind of material. P-waves will arrive sooner than S-waves at any given location.
123
# Explain what the following means:
A
tropical humid: warm and wet
124
Why are the deserts in SW Asia extended so far north well beyond the normal belt of deserts?
mountains to the west and south of the deserts, percipitaion can't come from north because it is cold and dry in that area
125
# Explain what the following means:
b
warm summers (in C & D)
126
# Explain what the following means:
W
desert (B)
127
Folding
the bending of crustal rocks by compression and or uplift
