Unit 3 Bonding, Acids and Basis Flashcards
Ionic Bonding and Naming Ionic Bonds
forming a compound between A metal and A nonmetal by transferring electrons. The atoms involved are oppositely charged Ions, the opposite charges attract through electrostatic forces (Oppositely charged particles attract), Not a conductor
Naming Ionic compounds:
1)Metal name comes first
2) Nonmetal elements always end with -ide unless oxygen is also present.
eg: Magnesium chloride
3)When Oxygen is present the name ends with -ate. eg: Copper Sulfate
Covalent bonding
Forming a compound and a molecule as Non-metal atoms share electrons with other nonmetal atoms to obtain a full outer shell of electrons. shared electrons occur in pairs. Not a conductor
Giant covalent: each atom forms covalent bonds with multiple neighboring atoms. large structure
Simple covalent: each atom typically forms covalent bonds with only a few neighboring atoms, if any at all.
small structure
Metallic Bonding
Forming a compound as Metals form a bond with other metals in a giant structure of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. Atoms lose their electrons and become positively charged and the valence electrons no longer belong to any atom (Delocalised). Conductors
The Symbols and charges of Hydroxide, Nitrate, Sulfate, Carbonate
Hydroxide: OH^-
Nitrate: NO3^- (O 3 down)
Sulfate: SO4 ^2- (O 4 down)
Carbonate: CO3^2- (O 3 Down)
Balancing Chemical Equations, Coefficients and Subscripts
Law of conservation of mass: During a chemical reaction nothing is created and nothing is destroyed.
The same atoms are present after and before the reaction.
Having the same number of each atom type on both sides of the equation by adjusting the coefficients only.
Eg: Balance this equation
H2 + O2 → H2O
Ans: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Coefficients and Subscripts:
2(On the line 2 = coefficient)H2O (where the 2 between and O is down being a subscript)
Allotropes and the structure of graphite and diamond, Properties
Allotropes are different forms of the same element that exist in the same physical state but have different structures or arrangements of atoms in a bond.
Graphite and diamond are both giant covalent Allotropes of carbon.
They are physically different because of the arrangement
Diamond:
Each carbon atom bonds with 4 other carbons. all covalent bonds are identical, very strong with no intermolecular forces
Properties: don’t conduct electricity,
extremely hard and dense with a very high melting point
Graphite:
Each carbon atom bonds with 3 other carbons. leaving 1 free electron per carbon atom which becomes delocalized. Very strong bonds but the layers are attracted to each other by weak intermolecular forces.
Conduct electricity, high melting point, Soft and slippery, less dense than diamond.
Acids and Basis, Properties, PH,and Universal Indicator
Acids are substances that release positive hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. They are substances with PH less than 7. More H released less PH
eg: HCl(aq) → H^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)
Properties:
Sour taste.
Turn blue litmus to red.
Conduct electricity in solution form.
Release H^+ ions in aqueus solution.
Bases are substances that produce Hydroxide ions (OH^-) when dissolved in water. They are substances with PH more than 7.
Basis that are soluble in water are called alkalis.
eg:
NaOH(aq) → Na^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq)
Properties:
Bitter taste.
Soapy to touch.
turn red litmus to blue.
conduct electricity in solution form. release OH^- ions in aqueous solution.
Weak base or acid:
Does not completely dissociates into its ions in an aqueous solution.
Strong base or acid:
Completely dissociates into its ions in aqueous solution.
PH indicator is in ROYGBIV arrangement where r is acid, y is neutral, and v is base
Same for universal indicator but Green is neutral.
PH and Tooth decaying, Uses of Neutralization in everyday life stomach burn, neutralizing soil, neutralizing wasps, bees, and nettles stings, and Soil PH effect on Flower Color
When there is a burn in the stomach because of the high acid rate use Antacids like Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3)
Bacteria in the mouth produce acids the PH level falls below 5.5, and tooth decay starts.
Plants require PH close to 7 for their healthy growth. If the soil is too acidic use quicklime or slaked lime. If the soil is too alkaline add decaying organic matter.
Wasps insert an alkaline solution (use weak acid.)
Bees and nettles insert an acidic solution (use baking soda)
The flower color indicates the PH of the soil. 1)PH below 6 = Blue
2)PH above 7 = pink or red
3)6 to 7 = purple or a mix of blue and pink
Acid Rain Causes, effects, and solution
When atmospheric pollutants like oxides of nitrogen and sulfur react with rainwater and come down with the rain then this results in acid rain.
Regular rain PH = 5 to 5.5
Acidic rain PH = 4
Causes: Nitrogen and sulfur particles by the emissions of industries, and other man-made ways.
Natural emissions of S, N like a lightning strike.
Effects: Harmful for plants and animals. Washes away all nutrients in the soil. Causes respiratory issues. Damages Buildings.
Solutions to reduce acid rain:
Using environmentally friendly energy sources.
Reactions of acids and bases with metals and metals carbonate. + Neutralization reaction
Acids or Base + Metal → salt + Hydrogen
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
Acid + Metal carbonate →Salt + CO2 + Water
2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Bases don’t react with Metal carbonate
Hydrogen can be tested by bringing a burning candle near gas bubbles which will burn with loud pop sound.
CO2 gas can be tested by passing it through lime water which will turn to milky color if present.
Neutralization reaction:
Reaction btw an Acid and a Base resulting in salt and water
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
