Unit 3: Bonding Flashcards
polyatomic ions
ions which consist of more than one atom
CO3 2-^
carbonate
carbonate
CO3 2-
bicarbonate
HCO3 1-
HCO3 1-
bicarbonate
phosphate
PO4 3-
PO4 3-
phosphate
hydroxide
OH 1-
OH 1-
hydroxide
peroxide
O2 2-
O2 2-
peroxide
cyanide
CN 1-
CN 1-
cyanide
sulfate
SO4 2-
SO4 2-
sulfate
sulfite
SO3 2-
SO3 2-
sulfite
nitrate
NO3 1-
NO3 1-
nitrate
nitrite
NO2 1-
NO2 1-
nitrite
ammonium
NH4+
NH4+
ammonium
acetate
CH3COO 1-
CH3COO 1-
acetate
C2H3O2 1-
acetate
acetate
C2H3O2 1-
NH3
ammonia
ammonia
NH3
effective nuclear charge
the attraction to the nucleus felt by the outermost electrons in an atom
z (atomic number) - s (# of inner shell electrons)
increases as you go right on the periodic table
ionization energy
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase; energy required to form the cation
endothermic (energy is absorbed or used)
M(g) –> M+(g) + e-
lattice energy
energy required to transform crystalline solid into gas phase ions
MX(s) + energy –> M+(g) + X-(g)
E is proportional to q1q2/r
electron affinity
energy that is gained by forming the anion
exothermic (energy is released)
X(g) + e- –> X-(g)
crystallization
energy that is gained by bringing the cation and anion together
M+(g) + X-(g) –> MX(s)
exothermic (energy is released)
M(g) –> M+(g) + e-
ionization energy
MX(s) + energy –> M+(g) + X-(g)
lattice energy
X(g) + e- –> X-(g)
electron affinity
M+(g) + X-(g) –> MX(s)
crystallization
covalent bonds
between nonmetals, high electronegativity
electrons are shared
ionic bonds
metal + nonmetal, cation + anion
electrons are transferred
which bond is longest? why?
single bond is longest as there are less shared electrons (2 e-)
which bond is shortest and strongest? why?
triple bond is shortest and strongest as there are more shared electrons (6 e-), relatively maximizing the attractive forces between these electrons and the nuclei
which bond is weakest? why?
single bond is weakest as there are less shared electrons, thus lowest amount of attractive forces between the nuclei
which bond is most stable? why?
triple bonds are most stable as it has the most attractive forces, thus needs the greatest amount of energy to break the bond
forming a bond is always an __________ process
exothermic
breaking a bond is always an __________ process
endothermic
resonance occurs…
when we can draw two or more valid Lewis structures for the same molecule; there is at least one double or triple bond
radicals
molecules that have an uneven number of electrons
Lewis Structure for NO
nitrogen has the extra electron because oxygen is more electronegative
electrons are _________ in Molecular Orbital theory
delocalized
VSEPR
model for 3-D shapes
Valence Bond Theory
model for bonding between atoms
Molecular Orbital Theory
model for bonding throughout the molecule
electrons are _________ in Valence Bond Theory
localized
atomic orbitals form __________ orbitals in Valence Bond Theory
hybridized
atomic orbitals form __________ orbitals in Molecular Orbital Theory
molecular
in VB and MO, the number of orbitals is __________
conserved
VB and MO both form _______ and _______ bonds
sigma, pi
an antibonding orbital is formed when….
the overlap of the corresponding atomic orbitals leads to destructive interference
bond polarity is the result of _________ electronegativities, causing electrons to not be _________________ across the bond
differing, equally distributed
can you have a polar molecule with nonpolar bonds? why or why not?
no, there will be no dipole moments, thus the molecule is nonpolar
can you have a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds?
yes, certain geometries of a molecule can “cancel out” dipole moments, especially with symmetrical molecules
ionic compounds ____ prefixes
do not use
Fe
iron
IV
4
higher the bond order = more ____________________
stable (stronger), shorter
VI
6
