Unit 3 - Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of different species, genetic variety within species, variety of ecosystems within those ecosystems, and diversity of natural services.

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2
Q

Genetic diversity

A

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

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3
Q

Population bottleneck

A

Drastic reduction in population size with a corresponding reduction of genetic diversity
- due to natural or anthropogenic causes

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4
Q

Species richness

A

number of species present

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5
Q

Species eveness

A

how close in numbers each species in an environment is.

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6
Q

Species diversity

A

genetic diversity within a species

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7
Q

Disturbance/disruption

A

any natural or anthropogenic even that disrupts a natural system

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8
Q

Ecosytem diversity

A

Earth’s variety of ecosystems that each contain unique species and genetic diversity

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9
Q

Habitat diversity

A

the variety of habitats within an ecosystem, which supports a wide range of species and genetic diversity

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10
Q

Specialist

A

species with narrow ecological niches

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11
Q

Generalists

A

species with wide ecological niches

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12
Q

Endemic

A

the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location

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13
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

the process during which a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches

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14
Q

Corridor

A

connections across the landscape that link up areas of habitat

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15
Q

IUNC Red List

A

International Union for Conservation of nature red list of threatened species

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16
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

In the United States by EPA, based on scientific data, not economics

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17
Q

Critical habitat

A

Designated habitats necessary for species survival, designated by EPA

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18
Q

CITES

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Floura
- protects endangered plants and animals through trade

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19
Q

Ecosystem services

A

benefits humans gain from natural processes

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20
Q

Provisioning services

A

products obtained from ecosystems

21
Q

Supporting services

A

service necessary for the production of all other services

22
Q

Regulating services

A

benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystems

23
Q

Cultural services

A

nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystem

24
Q

Island

A

any body of land surrounded by water

25
Biogeography
where species/biomes exist through space and time
26
Theory of Island Biogeography
describes species richness, evolutionary diversity, and community structure of islands based on geographic characteristics
27
Immigration rate
number of species/indivguels coming to the island
28
Extinction rate
the rate at which animals go extinct on islands - typically a constant background rate
29
Adaptive radiation
Once a species gets to an island with many unoccupied niches, they rapidly evolve into different species to fill niches
30
Edge effect
changes in a population or community along the boundary of a habitat
31
Ecological tolerance/ law of tolerance
ability of an organism to endure unfavourable environmental conditions
32
Adaptation
any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment.
33
Fitness
reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment.
34
Natural Selection
the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change
35
Natural Disturbances
Anything that disturbs an ecosystem EX: fires, insect outbreaks, disease epidemics, droughts, floods, hurricanes, windstorms, landslides, avalanches, and volcanic eruptions.
36
Cyclical Natural Distubances
predictable event occurring at repeating intervals in a self-perpetuating cycle
37
Episodic natural disturbances
occur occasionally and at irregular intervals
38
Random natural disturbances
occur very infrequently and are truly random often cataclysmic
39
Mass extinction
when the extinction rate significantly exceeds the background extinction rate, extinction of above 66% of all species
40
Ecological succession
the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time.
41
Primary succession
when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time
42
Secondary succession
when a climax community or intermediate community is impacted by a disturbance.
43
Pioneer speices
Species that arrive first in a newly created environment
44
Climax community
An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment.
45
Keystone species
an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem
46
Foundation species
species that have a strong role in structuring a community.
47
Indicator species
an organism whose presence, absence, or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition.
48
Invasive species
a non-native species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human, animal, or plant health.