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Unit 3 APES Flashcards

1
Q

what are ecosystem services?

A

the contributions ecosystems provide for human well-being and quality of life

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2
Q

what are the 4 types of ecosystem services?

A

provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting

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3
Q

what are provisioning services?

A

any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature. examples: food, water, timber, wood fuel (charcoal, firewood)

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4
Q

what are regulating services?

A

the benefit provided by ecosystems that moderate natural phenomena. examples: regulation of climate, air quality, water runoff, erosion, natural hazards
plants - clean air & filter water
bacteria - decompose waste
bees - pollinate flowers
tree roots - hold soil in place to prevent erosion

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5
Q

what are cultural services?

A

non-material benefits that contribute to the development and cultural advancement of people. examples: education, heritage, culture, ethical values, existence values, recreation

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6
Q

what are supporting services?

A

most basic natural cycle nature needs to function. examples: water cycle, photosynthesis, soil formation, nutrient cycling, water cycling.

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7
Q

describe clear cutting

A

when all trees are removed from an area. it increases risk of soil erosion, flooding, and increases stream temperatures ($$$$)

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8
Q

describe seed tree cutting

A

cut most trees but leave some to reseed. similar cons to clear cutting ($$$)

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9
Q

describe strip cutting

A

clear cutting but in strips ($$)

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10
Q

describe selective cutting

A

only removing certain trees. it leaves the forest intact and is the most sustainable ($)

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11
Q

options for sustainable forestry use

A

reuse wood, reforestation, IPM (integrated pest management) which protects from insects

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12
Q

causes and effects of deforestation

A

causes: the timber industry, clearing for agriculture, pollution.
effects: erosion, increased runoff in streams, climate change, increased CO2

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13
Q

what is urban sprawl?

A

the process of making an area more urban

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14
Q

what is weathering?

A

chemical or physical breakdown of rock

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15
Q

what is erosion?

A

the physical removal of soil and rock by things like wind, water, ice

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16
Q

O horizon

A

humus. organic matter

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17
Q

A horizon

A

topsoil. organics and minerals

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18
Q

E horizon

A

eluviation layer. minerals removed due to leaching

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19
Q

B horizon

A

subsoil. zone of accumulation - build up of iron, carbonate, etc.

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20
Q

C horizon

A

regolith. weathered parent material

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21
Q

R horizon

A

bedrock. base layer of solid rock

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22
Q

which type of soil could hold the most water?

A

clay

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23
Q

which type of soil would allow water to move through most easily?

A

sand

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24
Q

combination of all three types (sand, clay, silt) of soil is called

A

loam

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25
Q

soil types and their description

A

sand - largest particle size: good infiltration, poor water holding, poor nutrient holding

silt - medium size particle: medium infiltration, water and nutrient holding

clay - smallest particle size: slow infiltration, good water and nutrient holding

loam - a combination of all types: best for farming

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26
Q

undernutrition and malnutrition

A

undernutrition: not enough calories

malnutrition: not the right type of calories (ex: protein deficiency, anemia)

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26
Q

what was the green revolution?

A

a change in agriculture that allowed us to grow food faster. it relies heavily on mono culture-only planting one crop, the use of synthetic fertilizers, and the use of chemical pesticides to increase yield

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27
Q

monoculture

A

meaning: one crop only; cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
monocultures - more vulnerable to pests as there is no variety to deter the pest from eating crops. leaves land vulnerable to erosion. uses a lot of fertilizer.

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28
Q

industrial agriculture

A

a high input type of farming, using a lot of fossil fuels, machines, and fertilizers. used on large scale farms.

29
Q

narrow spectrum and broad spectrum (pesticides)

A

narrow spectrum - antibiotics target a few types of bacteria (ex. fungicide, rodentcide)

broad spectrum - antibiotics target many types of bacteria

29
Q

pesticides cause

A

bio magnification - an increase in concentration of a toxin as you move up the food chain

29
Q

pros of pesticides

A

saves lives, increases food supplies, increases profit, works fast

29
Q

what is DDT?

A

a broad spectrum pesticide that kills mosquitoes (and other insects).

29
Q

cons of pesticides

A

genetic resistance, persistence, reactions in environment, health effects, kills beneficial species, wide spectrum toxcicity

29
Q

integrated pest management (IPM)

A

broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for control of pests.

29
Q

GMO (genetically modified organism)

A

food whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering

30
Q

examples of integrated pest management

A
  • biological control: bringing in predators (like spiders) to kill/eat pests
  • multiculture (polyculture)
  • physical methods like screens or scarecrows
30
Q

concerns of GMO

A

potential health risks (little evidence to prove, though), changes to wild population (reduces biodiversity)

30
Q

benefits of GMO

A

greater yield, reduction of pesticides, greater nutrition

31
Q

free range grazing

A

animals that graze on fields during their entire life

32
Q

benefits of free range grazing

A
  • less/no antibiotic use
  • waste serves as fertilizer
  • healthier for both animals & humans
  • more sustainable
  • less need to supply food
33
Q

problems of free range grazing

A
  • requires LARGE areas of land (which is expensive for farmers & consumers)
  • runoff of waste can lead to disease and eutrophication
  • can damage soil
  • compacts soil due to livestock walking on land
34
Q

CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations)

A

agricultural facility where animals are kept & raised in confinement

35
Q

pros of CAFO

A
  • source of protein, vitamins (because it’s meat)
  • profitable-costs less for farmers and consumers
  • helps to meet high demand
36
Q

cons of CAFO

A
  • waste collected can cause overflow into streams (can cause disease & eutrophication)
  • possible contamination of groundwater
  • exposure to antibiotics and hormones in meat
37
Q

more sustainable ways to eat meat

A
  • focus on local foods
  • chose to eat organic meats with no hormones or antibiotics
38
Q

fishery

A

harvestable population of fish

39
Q

aquaculture

A

the breeding, raising, farming of aquatic organisms
- it is efficient, no/little land use
- low fuel use
- abundance of shrimp, oyster, fish
- high volume=high level of antibiotics to prevent disease

40
Q

trawling

A

funnel shaped net behind boats that trap in all fish

41
Q

trolling

A

drag long fishing lines behind boat. boat tows a line or lines with one or more hooks with a natural bait. kinda like regular fishing but with a lot of lines

42
Q

purse seine

A

circular net is dropped in an encircles fish, pulling it up from the bottom

43
Q

gill net

A

long net hung vertically in water. invisible to fish and traps them in the mesh of the net

44
Q

long line

A

miles of hooks are baited and pulled back in after set time

45
Q

size limits (control of fisheries)

A

can only catch adult size fish to insure they have had the opportunity to reproduce

46
Q

catch limits

A

quotas for individuals and quotas for number of individual species to limit overfishing

47
Q

MSY

A

maximum sustainable yield. 1/2 the carrying capacity

48
Q

OSY

A

optimum carrying capacity. a limit that is below MSY to provide a buffer zone in case carrying capacity isn’t measured properly/if fish don’t reproduce as expected. insures population will continue to increase

49
Q

overfishing

A

overfishing is the process of fishing too much. this leads to fishermen not catching big fish anymore. this results in fishermen targeting fish lower on the food chain which impacts all levels because larger fish are now losing their food source and die out

50
Q

bycatch

A

unintended catch, most common in trawling. bycatch is pulled up on a boat with catch, sorted out and tossed overboard, usually dead at that point. cannot be used because often not something wanted, eaten, boat isn’t set up to process the catch, or the catch isn’t permitted

51
Q

TED (turtle exclusion device)

A

required to reduce bycatch of turtles. trap door on trawl nets that turtle s can trigger because of their size

52
Q

plate tectonics

A

scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of earth’s movements

53
Q

support for plate tectonics

A
  • the shape of the continents (they all fit together… pangea)
  • similar rock formations and fossils across continents
  • age of oceanic rocks
54
Q

divergent boundary

A

when plates move away from each other

55
Q

convergent moving

A

when plates collide

56
Q

transform plate boundary

A

when plates slide past each other

57
Q

strip mining

A

remove surface layer - coal and sand

58
Q

open pit mining

A

large hole - copper

59
Q

mountain top removal

A

blow off the top of a mountain - coal

60
Q

placer mining

A

river sediments - metals and precious stones

61
Q

subsurface

A

series of tunnels - coal, diamond, and gold

62
Q

environmental effects of mining

A
  • habitat destruction
  • water pollution
  • erosion
  • toxic wastes
  • acid mine drainage
  • danger to humans
63
Q

processing of mining

A
  • separate metal ore from gangue
  • melted and converted
  • reused and recycles

after processing complete - reclamation
- restore land to pre-mining conditions
- re-establish vegetation
- encourage animals to return

apes (1 decks)

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