Unit 3 AOS2 Learning and Memory Flashcards
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
What is conditioning?
The learning of an association between a stimulus in the environment and a behavioural reponse
What is the behaviourist approach to learning?
the study of observable behaviour to understand learning without regard for internal mental processes
What is classical conditioning?
A simple form of learning, which occurs through repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli in a three phase process
What are the three phases of classical conditioning?
Phase 1 BEFORE CONDITIONING:
- NS = no response
- UCS elicits the… UCR
Phase 2 DURING CONDITIONING:
- repeated pairings of NS immediately preceeding the UCS to produce the UCR
Phase 3 AFTER CONDITIONING:
*NS becomes CS
- CS consitently procudes the CR
What is Operant Conditioning?
A learning process by which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occuring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.
What is the 3 phase process of Operant Conditioning?
1) Antecedent: a stimulus that occurs before the behaviour (causes it)
- this may be a discriminative stimulus and only result in the production of one response (eg red light) -
2) Behaviour:the behaviour that occurs due to the antecedent (in reponse to)
3) Consequence: the consequence of the behaviour
What are the different types of consequences involved in Operant Conditioning?
- Positive Punishment: Giving something Bad (decrease)
- Positive Reinforcement: Giving something Good (increase)
- Negative Reinforcement: Taking Away something Bad (increase)
- Negative Punishment: Taking Away something Good (decrease)
What are the social-cognitive approaches to learning?
Approaches that emphasise the social context in which the learning occurs and the cognitive processes that influence the individual
What is Observational Learning?
Learning by observing the actions of others and their consequences to guide future behaviour
What are the key processes of Observational Learning?
(ARRMR)
- Attention: the learner must actively attend to/pay attention to the behaviour (influenced by - perceptiveness, motivations, interest levels, any present distractors)
- Retention: the learnt behaviour must be stored in memory as a meaningful mental representation
- Reproduction: the learner must have the physical and intellectual abilites to reproduce what has been observed
- Motivation: the learner must be motivated and want to copy the learnt behaviour (this will depend on the consequences)
- Reinforcement: the prospect of a positive reward will increase the likelihood that the behaviour will be copied (external, self or vicarious reinforcement)
What is a system of knowledge?
Knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings and in turn inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity
What are the elements of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Learning?
- Story Sharing
- Learning Maps
- Non-verbal
- Symbols and Images
- Deconstruct/Reconstruct
- Community Links
- Land Links
- Non-linear
What are autobiographical events?
are your own lived experiences
- when retrieving an event we are accessing our LTM and bringing it to our concious awareness
- retrieval of autobiographical events involves both episodic and semantic mems.
Imagined futures
- when we are imagining, we are creating fictional scenarios or possoble imagined futures by ising out stored long term episodic and semantic mems.
- they construct the imagined futre and use the same brain areas as when retrieveing E + S mems.
- damage to the hippocampus = trouble remembering past events + difficulties imaging future events
