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health and human development🫀 > unit 3 aos1b > Flashcards

unit 3 aos1b Flashcards

1
Q

smoking health concerns

A

cardio vascular disease, cancer, infancy conerns (low birth weight)

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2
Q

alcohol health concerns

A

liver cancer, weight gain (high BMI, cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes)

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3
Q

High BMI health concerns

A

cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, mental health issues

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4
Q

underconsumption of veg and fruit impacts

A

low fibre intake causing weight gain

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5
Q

underconsumption of veg and fruit link to HS

A

increased prevalence of cardiovascular and cancer

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6
Q

underconsumption of veg and fruit link to BOD

A

YLL and YLD for high BMI (cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes)

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7
Q

underconsumption of dairy impacts

A

calcium intake low, calcium required for strong bones and teeth

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8
Q

underconsumption of dairy link to HS

A

morbidity due to osteoporosis

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9
Q

underconsumption of dairy link to BOD

A

YLD as result of osteoporosis

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10
Q

high intake of fat impacts

A

energy dense leads to weight gain, LDL cholesterol speeding up atherosclerosis

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11
Q

high intake of fat link to HS

A

higher mortality and morbidity rates for cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer

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12
Q

high intake of fat link to BOD

A

increased DALY for cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer

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13
Q

high intake of sugar impacts

A

stored as fat if consumed in excess

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14
Q

high intake of sugar link to HS

A

higher mortality due to high BMI and associated conditions, incidence and prevalence of dental caries

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15
Q

high intake of sugar link to BOD

A

can contribute to dental decay, which contributes to YLD, especially for children.

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16
Q

high intake of salt impacts

A

Draws fluid out of cells which increases blood volume and blood pressure

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17
Q

high intake of salt link to HS

A

Morbidity and mortality rates due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke and heart attack

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18
Q

high intake of salt link to BOD

A

Can contribute to higher levels of hypertension, which can increase the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular and increase the DALY associated with these conditions

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19
Q

low intake of fibre link to HS

A

-Increased morbidity and mortality rates from colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease.

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20
Q

low intake of fibre link to BOD

A

Contributes to DALY associated with colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease

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21
Q

low intake of iron link to HS

A

Incidence and prevalence of anaemia

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22
Q

low intake of iron link to BOD

A

YLD due to anaemia, especially among females of child bearing age.

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23
Q

YLD

A

a measure of how many healthy years of life lost due to disease, disability or injury

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24
Q

YLL

A

a measure of how many expected years of life lost due to premature death

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25
Q

mortality

A

death levels

26
Q

morbidity

A

ill health levels

27
Q

burden of disease

A

a measure of the impact of disease and injuries, in a unit called DALY

28
Q

life expectancy

A

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates dont change.

29
Q

list the biological factors

A
  • Genetics
  • Body weight
  • Blood pressure
  • Age
  • Birthweight
30
Q

genetics

A

Individual risk of disease such as breast cancer, heart disease, diabetes

31
Q

body weight

A

Overweight and obesity- at risk of cardiovascular, cancer, type 2 diabetes

32
Q

blood cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is used for production of hormones and vitamin D

33
Q

LDL

A

bad build up of cholesterol in arteries

34
Q

HDL

A

good cholesterol

35
Q

blood pressure

A

Hypertension- persistently high blood pressure

Leads to heart failure and atherosclerosis leads to heart attack or stroke

36
Q

birthweight

A

Less than 2.5kg is considered low

More likely to have medical conditions such as high blood pressure heart disease and diabetes

37
Q

list sociocultural factors

A
  • SES
  • Early life experience
  • Access to healthcare
  • Social isolation
  • Unemployment
38
Q

SES

A

Having suffiecient income to buy nutrious foods such as fresh fruits which may improve HS

39
Q

unemployment

A

a long period may lead to feelings of failure/worthlessness leading to increased mordibity from depression and self harm

40
Q

social isolation

A

People who are isolated from others have no one to go to in difficult times leading to higher rates of morbidity from depression.

41
Q

list environmental factors

A
  • Work environment
  • Urban design and infrastructure
  • Climate change
  • Housing
  • Geographical location
42
Q

work environment

A

Back injuries from heavy lifting
Cuts from power tools

43
Q

urban design and infrastructure

A

Proximity to hospitals

44
Q

geographical location

A

Living in isolation making it difficult to access fresh foods

45
Q

male and female variations

A
    • life expectancy is 4 years lower than females
    • males have higher mortality rates
    • males experience higher burden of disease
    • Higher rates of cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, injuries (violence)
46
Q

male and female biological link

A
    • Higher rates of overweight and obesity in males
    • Testosterone increases risk taking behaviours, injuries
47
Q

male and female sociocultural link

A
    • Males have more dangerous occupations generally
    • Gender roles – expected to be tough or ‘macho’
48
Q

male and female environmental link

A
  • Exposure to dangerous workplaces - Building sites
  • Outdoor areas (UV exposure)
49
Q

indigenous and non variations

A
    • Life expectancy us 10 years less for Indigenous people
    • Higher mortality rates
    • Higher rates of non-communicable diseases; asthma, cancer, obesity
    • Higher rates of dental and gum disease
    • Higher rates of communicable disease; STIs
50
Q

Indigenous and non biological

A

Higher rates of:
* - Obesity
* - Hypertension
* - Low birth weight babies

51
Q

indigenous and non sociocultural

A
    • Lower SES (occupation, education and income)
    • Higher rates of unemployment
    • Social exclusion and discrimination
    • Lack of access to health care (culturally)
52
Q

indigenous and non environmental

A
    • Poorer quality housing
    • Poorer water and sanitation systems
    • Remote areas with great distances to healthcare/supermarket
    • Exposure to tobacco smoke
53
Q

SES

A

A persons position in society, in relation to others based on their income, occupation and education levels.

54
Q

variations in SES

A

o - Lower life expectancy (3 years)
o - Higher mortality rates
o - Higher rates of non-communicable diseases; type 2 diabetes, lung cancer
o - Higher rates of injury
o - 2 x the rate of mental and behavioural problems

55
Q

biological ses

A

Higher obesity rates
o - Higher rates of hypertension
o Higher rates of low birth weight babies

56
Q

sociocultural ses

A
    • More likely to be unemployed
    • Lower education levels/health literacy
    • Higher rates of social exclusion
57
Q

environmental set

A
    • Higher rates of environmental tobacco smoke exposure
    • Poorer housing
    • Dangerous working environments
    • More exposure to fast food outlets
58
Q

cities and outside cities variations

A

Those living outside cities experience lower life expectancy (7 years)
o - Higher YLD and YLL increasing with remoteness
o - Higher rates of obesity, dental decay, cancer; unable to get treatment

59
Q

cities and outside cities biological

A

o - Higher rates of obesity
o - Higher rates of hypertension
o - Low birth weight babies

60
Q

cities and outside cities sociocultural

A

o - Lower SES
o - Lower health literacy
o - Higher rates of unemployment or dangerous occupations

61
Q

cities and outside environmental

A

o - Poorer road quality
o - Lack of geographical access to health services, education etc
o - Harsher climates, sun exposure

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