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psychology > Unit 3 AOS1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

brain

A

complex structure that receives and processes sensory stimuli from the body and coordinates responses, including voluntary movements, emotions and conscious thought

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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and the spinal cord; process and coordinate responses to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

spinal cord

A

a dense bundle of nerves that carries sensory information from the body to the brain and motor information from the brain to the body.

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4
Q

Spinal reflex

A

an involuntary and unconscious response to a stimulus involving the spinal cord, which occurs without input from the brain

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5
Q

sensory receptor

A

a sensory nerve ending that produces an afferent or sensory impulse when stimulated

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6
Q

sensory neuron

A

a nerve cell that carries sensory signals throughout the nervous system

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7
Q

interneuron

A

a nerve cell in the spinal cord that connects motor and sensory neurons by relaying information between the two

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8
Q

motor neuron

A

a nerve cell that transmits motor impulses from the spinal cord to the skeletal and smooth muscles

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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all the nerves outside of the central nervous system that carry messages between the CNS and muscles, organs and glands throughout the body.

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10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the central nervous system and motor information to the body

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11
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s internal environment in an autonomous or self-regulated manner

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12
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that increases our arousal, readying the body for a quick response

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13
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body’s internal environment in an autonomous or self-regulated manner

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14
Q

unconscious response

A

any response of our nervous system that does not require awareness

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15
Q

conscious response

A

any response of the nervous system that requires awareness

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16
Q

neuron

A

an individual nerve cell that is specialised to receive, process and/or transmit information within the nervous system

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17
Q

neural transmission

A

an electrical impulse that occurs when a neuron is activated or fires

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18
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical produced by neurons that carries messages to other neurons or cells within the nervous system, including muscles, organs and glands.

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19
Q

synapse

A

the point of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell such as a muscle or gland

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20
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

a membrane-bound sphere filled with neurotransmitter molecules

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21
Q

synaptic gap

A

the space between the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron

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22
Q

receptor site

A

a membrane protein on the dendrites of neurons that receive and detect specific neurotransmitters

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23
Q

excitatory effect

A

the increased likelihood that the post-synaptic neuron will fire and action potential or neural impulse

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24
Q

Glutamate

A

the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, which is involved with learning and memory

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25
Q

inhibitory effect

A

the decreased likelihood that the post-synaptic neuron will fire and action potential or neural impulse

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26
Q

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, associated with anxiety, specific phobias and Parkinson’s disease

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27
Q

neuromodulator

A

a subclass of neurotransmitters that alter the strength of neural transmission, by increasing or decreasing the responsiveness of neurons to neurotransmitter signals.

28
Q

Dopamine

A

a multifunctional neurotransmitter with both excitatory and inhibitory effects, that is involved in many central nervous system functions, such as movement, pleasure, attention, mood, cognition and motivation

29
Q

Reward pathway

A

a group of structures in the brain that are activated by rewarding or reinforcing stimuli

30
Q

serotonin

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that also acts as a neuromodulation influencing a variety of brain activities

31
Q

serotonin pathway

A

serotonin’s neuromodulatory system, which originates in the brainstem and extends to almost all areas of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex.

32
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

specific changes that occur within the synapse, between neurons

33
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

the relatively permanent strengthening of synaptic connections as a result of repeated activation of a neural pathway

34
Q

long-term depression

A

the relatively permanent weakening of synaptic connections as a result of repeated low-level activation

35
Q

sprouting

A

the growth of axon or dendrite fibers at the synapse

36
Q

dendritic spine

A

a dendrite fiber that grows by sprouting on the post-synaptic neuron

37
Q

filigree appendage

A

a fiber that grows by sprouting from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

38
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the formation of new synapses that result from the process of sprouting

39
Q

rerouting

A

the formation of new connections between neurons to establish alternative neurla pathways

40
Q

pruning

A

the removal of excess neurons and synaptic connections to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions

41
Q

stressor

A

any event that causes stress or is perceived as a threat and a challenge to our ability to cope.

42
Q

stress

A

a state of mental, emotional and physiological tension, resulting from a stressor

43
Q

internal stressor

A

a cause of stress that originates within an individual; can be both psychological and biological/physiological.

44
Q

external stressor

A

a cause of stress that originates from outside an individual, such as an event or environmental extreme.ut

45
Q

acute stress

A

stress that usually occurs because of a sudden threat and only lasts for a short time

46
Q

chronic stress

A

stress that lasts for a long time

47
Q

fight-flight-freeze

A

an autonomic biological response to a perceived stressor that increases our chances of survival in our environment

48
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates a wide range of bodily processes including metabolism, and is released in response to stress

49
Q

Gut-Brain axis (GBA)

A

the connection between the CNS and the enteric nervous system that enables, bidirectional communication between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract.

50
Q

Enteric Nervous system (ENS)

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system; it consists of nerve cells lining the gastrointestinal tract and controls the digestive system.

51
Q

Gut

A

the gastrointestinal tract or long tube that starts at the mouth (oesophagus) and ens at the anus (rectumI

52
Q

Gut microbiota

A

the microbe population found in the gut (digestive system)

53
Q

microbe

A

a microscopic living thing found in water, soil and the air.
- digest the components of our food to provide their own nutrition while also providing us with energy and nutrients

54
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

a biological model of stress that proposes we have a non-specific biological response to stress that occurs in three stages.

55
Q

GAS - alarm reaction

A

the first stage of the GAS model, where we become aware of the stressor; it consisted of two phases
- shock
- counter shock

56
Q

GAS - AR - shock

A

the first phase of the alarm reaction stage of the GAS-AR model in which the body’s ability to deal with the stressor fails below normal

57
Q

GAS - AR - countershock

A

the second phase of the GAS-AR, in which the body’s ability to deal with the stressor rises above the normal.

58
Q

GAS - resistance stage

A

the second stage of the GAS in which the stressors persists, and the body resources are maximised to cope and adapt over time.

59
Q

GAS - exhaustion stage

A

the third stage of the GAS in which continued depletion of energy stores and high levels of hormones; cortisol, decrease resistance to the stressor and impair the immune system.

60
Q

Appraisal

A

the process of categorising an event on the basis its perceived significance and hot it may affect our wellbeing.

61
Q

Transactional model of stress and coping

A

a psychological model that suggests a stress response its only elicited if an event is perched to exceed our ability to cope and is based on our appraisal of the situation.

62
Q

Primary appraisal

A

when an individual determines the significance of an event as stressful, benign positive or irrelevant. And further evaluates as threat, harm/loss or challenge.

63
Q

secondary appraisal

A
64
Q

Coping strategies: approach, avoidant

A
65
Q

coping strategies - coping-flexibility, context-specific effectiveness.

A

psychology (2 decks)

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