Unit 3 AOS 2: Glossary Flashcards
What does Catabolic mean?
describes a type of an enzyme of a chemical reaction to that releases energy and involves breaking down molecules into smaller components
what does Anabolic mean?
describes a type of chemical reaction that requires energy and involves constructing molecules from simpler components
what is a enzyme?
a type of protein, also referred to as a biological catalyst, that speeds up reactions within an organism by lowering activation energy
what is a substrate?
a molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme and than takes part in a reaction; also referred to as a reactant
What is a catalyst?
a substance that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy and providing an alternative pathway
what is activation energy?
the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed.
What is active site?
the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds for a chemical reaction to take place
What is a Allosteric site?
a binding site on an enzyme, where molecules other than the substrate may bind
What is a coenzyme?
an organic molecule that contains carbon and bind to enzymes to help them function; examples are NADP, NAD and FAD
What is denaturation?
the process by which a protein loses its 3D conformational structure through breaking of hydrogen bonds, caused by an external stress such as temperature or pH
What is an enzyme saturation
the point at which the rate of reaction reaches a maximum, with no further increase at a specific enzyme concentration
what is competitive inhibition?
the process of disrupting the function of an enzyme by blocking its active site with a molecule other than the substrate
What is non-competitive inhibition?
the process of disrupting the function of an enzyme through molecule binding to another site on the enzyme, which alters the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot bind
what is an inhibitor?
A molecule that is involved in disrupting the function of an enzyme, either directly (competitive) or indirectly (non-competitive)
What is an autotroph?
an organism that synthesises its own organic material (food), by capturing light energy and taking in inorganic compounds from its physical environment, to meet its energy needs (auto=self, troph = food)
What is photosynthesis?
a chemical reaction in which light energy is used to convert the inorganic compounds carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into the compound glucose; occurs in the chloroplast (photo=light, synthesis=build or put together)
What is heterotroph?
An organism that ingests organic materials by feeding an autotrophs or on other organism and their products, in order to convert energy into the form of energy stored in ATP (hetero =other troph = food)
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
the main immediate source of chemical energy in a cell, powering most cellular process; when a phosphate group is removed energy is released and ADP is formed
What is cellular respiration?
a series of chemical reactions in which the organic compound glucose is broken down, producing various products (depending on presence or absence of oxygen) and energy stored in ATP
What is Chlorophyll?
the green pigment on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts of green plants; absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
What is the Granum?
(plural grana) a stack of thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of plant and algae
What is a thylakoid membrane?
disc-shaped interconnected membrane-bound compartments inside a chloroplast that make up the grana and are the location of the pigment chlorophyll, and the site of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis
What is stroma?
the gel-like fluid inside a chloroplast which surrounds the grana; site of the light independent stage of photosynthesis
What is the light dependent stage?
the first stage of photosynthesis; occurs in the thylakoid membranes and involves the splitting of water using light energy
What is the light-independent stage?
the second stage of photosynthesis; occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast and involves the use of carbon dioxide to create glucose; also called the Calvin Cycle or carbon fixation
What is photolysis?
the splitting of water using the light energy from the sun
What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?
a compound composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups that can store energy when another inorganic phosphate group is added, forming ATP
What is NADP+?
a coenzyme that accepts and transfers hydrogen ions from one place to another during photosynthesis
What is RuBP?
ribulose bisphosphate a 5C (five-carbon) compound that combines with carbon dioxide at the start of the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis to from PGA
What is Rubisco?
RuBP carboxylase an enzyme that catalyst the formation of PGA by fixing carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis
What is PGA?
3-phosphoglycerate a 3C (three carbon) compound formed when the enzyme Rubisco catalyst the attachment of a carbon from carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis
What is PGAL?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a 3C (three-carbon) sugar that leads to the formation of glucose and regenerates RuBP in the process to continue the Calvin Cycle
what is rate?
the speed at which a process occurs quickly the reactants are used up and the products are created.
what is the limiting factor?
any factor that slows down the rate of photosynthesis when there is not enough of it. e.g carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light energy
what are C3 plants?
plants that fix CO2 from the atmosphere to form 3-phosphoglycerate of PGA, which contains three carbon atoms are better suited to cooler and temperture climates; e.g rice, wheat, soybeans and cotton
what is photorespiration
the series of reactions that occur as a consequence of Rubisco using O2 as a substrates instead of CO2; an inefficient process that cannot produce glucose
What are C4 plants?
plants that fix CO2 to form malate, which contains four carbon atoms, better suited to grasslands; e.g maize, sugar caine
What are CAM plants?
plants that fix CO2 to form malate, which contains four carbon atoms; better suited to deserts; e.g are cacti and pineapples
What is an energy shuttle?
the cycling between the formation of ATP when energy is stored and the formation of ADP and P, when energy is released; also known as the ATP-ADP cycle
What is Glycolysis?
the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in the cytosol, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH; does not require oxygen
What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?
cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP; includes the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain, which occur in the mitochondria
What is Anaerobic cellular respiration?
cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy stored in glucose into 2 ATP; the products depend on the type of organism carrying out the process
What is NAD+?
a coenzyme that accepts hydrogen ions and transfers them from one place to another during cellular respiration
What is Crista?
a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and site of the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the electron transport chain
What is the matrix?
the fluid component of a mitochondrion and site of the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle
What is ATP synthase?
an enzyme responsible for catalysing the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
What is fermentation?
the process by which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce 2 ATP; also called anaerobic cellular respiration
What is CRISPR-CAS 9?
an immune system in bacteria that uses CRISPR nucleotides sequences and the Cas9 DNA-cutting enzyme, also modified for use a genome editing tool
What is Cas9?
an endonuclease (enzyme) that cuts DNA at a specific point determined by the guide RNA (gRNA)
What is genome editing?
the insertion, removal or replacement of DNA within the genome of a living organism
What is biofuel?
fuel produced from biomass; usually liquid
What is biomass?
an organic material, including plant material, animal by-products microbes and water material; produced by many different industries
What is first-generation biofuel?
a biofuel produced from edible feedstocks, e.g starch and glucose from plants like corn and sugar cane
What is second-generation biofuel?
a biofuel produced from non-edible feedstocks, e.g cellulose and other fibrous plant materials derived from crop residues, straw and municipal waste.
