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Biology Unit 3/4 > Unit 3 AOS 2: Glossary > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2: Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Catabolic mean?

A

describes a type of an enzyme of a chemical reaction to that releases energy and involves breaking down molecules into smaller components

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2
Q

what does Anabolic mean?

A

describes a type of chemical reaction that requires energy and involves constructing molecules from simpler components

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3
Q

what is a enzyme?

A

a type of protein, also referred to as a biological catalyst, that speeds up reactions within an organism by lowering activation energy

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4
Q

what is a substrate?

A

a molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme and than takes part in a reaction; also referred to as a reactant

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5
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy and providing an alternative pathway

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6
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed.

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7
Q

What is active site?

A

the region of an enzyme where the substrate binds for a chemical reaction to take place

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8
Q

What is a Allosteric site?

A

a binding site on an enzyme, where molecules other than the substrate may bind

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9
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

an organic molecule that contains carbon and bind to enzymes to help them function; examples are NADP, NAD and FAD

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10
Q

What is denaturation?

A

the process by which a protein loses its 3D conformational structure through breaking of hydrogen bonds, caused by an external stress such as temperature or pH

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11
Q

What is an enzyme saturation

A

the point at which the rate of reaction reaches a maximum, with no further increase at a specific enzyme concentration

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12
Q

what is competitive inhibition?

A

the process of disrupting the function of an enzyme by blocking its active site with a molecule other than the substrate

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13
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition?

A

the process of disrupting the function of an enzyme through molecule binding to another site on the enzyme, which alters the shape of the active site in such a way that the substrate cannot bind

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14
Q

what is an inhibitor?

A

A molecule that is involved in disrupting the function of an enzyme, either directly (competitive) or indirectly (non-competitive)

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15
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

an organism that synthesises its own organic material (food), by capturing light energy and taking in inorganic compounds from its physical environment, to meet its energy needs (auto=self, troph = food)

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16
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

a chemical reaction in which light energy is used to convert the inorganic compounds carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into the compound glucose; occurs in the chloroplast (photo=light, synthesis=build or put together)

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17
Q

What is heterotroph?

A

An organism that ingests organic materials by feeding an autotrophs or on other organism and their products, in order to convert energy into the form of energy stored in ATP (hetero =other troph = food)

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18
Q

What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

the main immediate source of chemical energy in a cell, powering most cellular process; when a phosphate group is removed energy is released and ADP is formed

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19
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

a series of chemical reactions in which the organic compound glucose is broken down, producing various products (depending on presence or absence of oxygen) and energy stored in ATP

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20
Q

What is Chlorophyll?

A

the green pigment on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts of green plants; absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is the Granum?

A

(plural grana) a stack of thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of plant and algae

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22
Q

What is a thylakoid membrane?

A

disc-shaped interconnected membrane-bound compartments inside a chloroplast that make up the grana and are the location of the pigment chlorophyll, and the site of the light dependent stage of photosynthesis

23
Q

What is stroma?

A

the gel-like fluid inside a chloroplast which surrounds the grana; site of the light independent stage of photosynthesis

24
Q

What is the light dependent stage?

A

the first stage of photosynthesis; occurs in the thylakoid membranes and involves the splitting of water using light energy

25
Q

What is the light-independent stage?

A

the second stage of photosynthesis; occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast and involves the use of carbon dioxide to create glucose; also called the Calvin Cycle or carbon fixation

26
Q

What is photolysis?

A

the splitting of water using the light energy from the sun

27
Q

What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?

A

a compound composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups that can store energy when another inorganic phosphate group is added, forming ATP

28
Q

What is NADP+?

A

a coenzyme that accepts and transfers hydrogen ions from one place to another during photosynthesis

29
Q

What is RuBP?

A

ribulose bisphosphate a 5C (five-carbon) compound that combines with carbon dioxide at the start of the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis to from PGA

30
Q

What is Rubisco?

A

RuBP carboxylase an enzyme that catalyst the formation of PGA by fixing carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis

31
Q

What is PGA?

A

3-phosphoglycerate a 3C (three carbon) compound formed when the enzyme Rubisco catalyst the attachment of a carbon from carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis

32
Q

What is PGAL?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a 3C (three-carbon) sugar that leads to the formation of glucose and regenerates RuBP in the process to continue the Calvin Cycle

33
Q

what is rate?

A

the speed at which a process occurs quickly the reactants are used up and the products are created.

34
Q

what is the limiting factor?

A

any factor that slows down the rate of photosynthesis when there is not enough of it. e.g carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light energy

35
Q

what are C3 plants?

A

plants that fix CO2 from the atmosphere to form 3-phosphoglycerate of PGA, which contains three carbon atoms are better suited to cooler and temperture climates; e.g rice, wheat, soybeans and cotton

36
Q

what is photorespiration

A

the series of reactions that occur as a consequence of Rubisco using O2 as a substrates instead of CO2; an inefficient process that cannot produce glucose

37
Q

What are C4 plants?

A

plants that fix CO2 to form malate, which contains four carbon atoms, better suited to grasslands; e.g maize, sugar caine

38
Q

What are CAM plants?

A

plants that fix CO2 to form malate, which contains four carbon atoms; better suited to deserts; e.g are cacti and pineapples

39
Q

What is an energy shuttle?

A

the cycling between the formation of ATP when energy is stored and the formation of ADP and P, when energy is released; also known as the ATP-ADP cycle

40
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

the first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in the cytosol, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH; does not require oxygen

41
Q

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A

cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP; includes the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain, which occur in the mitochondria

42
Q

What is Anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy stored in glucose into 2 ATP; the products depend on the type of organism carrying out the process

43
Q

What is NAD+?

A

a coenzyme that accepts hydrogen ions and transfers them from one place to another during cellular respiration

44
Q

What is Crista?

A

a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and site of the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the electron transport chain

45
Q

What is the matrix?

A

the fluid component of a mitochondrion and site of the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle

46
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

an enzyme responsible for catalysing the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

47
Q

What is fermentation?

A

the process by which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce 2 ATP; also called anaerobic cellular respiration

48
Q

What is CRISPR-CAS 9?

A

an immune system in bacteria that uses CRISPR nucleotides sequences and the Cas9 DNA-cutting enzyme, also modified for use a genome editing tool

49
Q

What is Cas9?

A

an endonuclease (enzyme) that cuts DNA at a specific point determined by the guide RNA (gRNA)

50
Q

What is genome editing?

A

the insertion, removal or replacement of DNA within the genome of a living organism

51
Q

What is biofuel?

A

fuel produced from biomass; usually liquid

52
Q

What is biomass?

A

an organic material, including plant material, animal by-products microbes and water material; produced by many different industries

53
Q

What is first-generation biofuel?

A

a biofuel produced from edible feedstocks, e.g starch and glucose from plants like corn and sugar cane

54
Q

What is second-generation biofuel?

A

a biofuel produced from non-edible feedstocks, e.g cellulose and other fibrous plant materials derived from crop residues, straw and municipal waste.

Biology Unit 3/4 (5 decks)

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