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Bio 3/4 > Unit 3 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ATP synthase

A
  • enzyme used to convert ADP into ATP
  • uses the concentration gradient of H+ to synthesise ATP from ADP
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2
Q

process of C3 photosynthesis

A
  • captures energy in sunlight, storing it in a 6 carbon sugar (glucose)
    6CO2+12H2O —> C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
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3
Q

RuBisCo

A
  • enzyme involved in carbon fixation (converting CO2) in the calvin cycle
  • can use oxygen instead of carbon under high light & temps –> photorespiration (inefficient), waste of carbon as it produces no glucose or ATP (C3)
  • uses CO2 which has been converted to malate in C4 to catalyse calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells –> preventing photorespiration
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4
Q

PEP carboxylase

A

catalyses carbon fixation
> converts CO2 into malate in C4 and CAM plants

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5
Q

factors affecting enzyme function

A
  • temperature
    > reactions are slower below optimal temp, above may cause denaturing
  • pH
    > enzymes work fastest at optimal rate, higher or lower means slower rate. too far out of range = denature
  • concentration
    > substrate conc below saturation point = slower reactions, past saturation = constant rate
  • enzyme inhibitors
    > competitive: bind to active site and stop a substrate from binding
    > non- competitive: bind to allosteric site & change shape of active site, stopping substrate from binding
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6
Q

light dependent stage

A
  • occurs in the thylakoid membranes in grana
  • uses light energy to split water molecules (hydrolysis) to produce…
    inputs:
  • 12 H2O
  • NADP+
  • ADP + Pi
    outputs:
  • ATP
  • 6 O2
  • NADPH
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7
Q

Light independent stage/ calvin cycle (location, inputs, outputs)

A
  • occurs in the stroma
  • doesn’t require light
    inputs:
  • ATP
  • NADPH
  • 6 CO2
    outputs:
  • H2O
  • NADP+
  • 1 glucose (C6H12O6)
  • ADP + Pi
    –> the purpose of photosynthesis is to produce glucose in plants
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8
Q

advantages of C3 photosynthesis

A
  • more efficient than C4 and CAM under cool & moist conditions
  • less enzymes & no specialised plant anatomy
  • most plants are C3
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9
Q

process of C4 photosynthesis

A
  • bundle sheath cells, where calvin cycle occurs
  • mesophyll where LD occurs
  • warm & high light condition environments
  • ensures photorespiration doesn’t occur
    > CO2 enters mesophyll, PEP carboxylase breaks it down into malate & sends it to the bundle sheath cells, where rubisco catalyses L.I stage to produce glucose
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10
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A
  • light dependent occurs at night, calvin cycle day
  • stomata open at night & absorb CO2 to reduce water loss by transpiration during the day.
  • CO2 is stored as malate within the vacuoles, and the stored CO2 is used by rubisco during the day when light is available for photosynthesis
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11
Q

factors affecting photosynthesis

A
  • light availability (amount/ intensity)
  • water availability- humidity decreases transpiration
  • temperature/pH- affect enzymes, photosynthesis is greatest when at optimal temp.
  • CO2 conc. - rate of photosynthesis may be limited if there are low levels or stomata closed
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12
Q

how can CRISPR-Cas9 be used to increase crop yield

A

editing the genome to protect plants & crops
increase crop yield (amount) by:
- abiotic resistances (heat, drought, pests, etc)
> Increase water use efficiency; reduce water loss while maintaining photosynthesis
- Optimising light capture
> improving genes which collect light to allow more efficient photosynthesis

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13
Q

aerobic respiration

A
  • uses oxygen to break produce ATP from glucose
  • produces 30 or 32 ATP
    equation:
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30 or 32 ATP
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14
Q

Mitochondrion anatomy

A
  • intermembranous space
  • crystal matrix
  • cristae (folds)
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15
Q

glycolysis (inputs, outputs, location)

A
  • in the cytosol
  • splitting of glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate)
    inputs:
  • glucose
  • 2 ADP + Pi
  • NAD+
    outputs:
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • NADH
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16
Q

the krebs cycle (inputs, outputs, location)

A
  • occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
  • generates high energy electron & proton carriers, NADH & FADH2 (coenzymes)
    inputs:
  • 2 pyruvate
  • ADP+Pi
  • NAD+
  • FAD
    outputs:
  • CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • NADH
  • FADH2
17
Q

ETC

A
  • occurs in the cristae of the inter-membranous space
    inputs:
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • 6 O2
  • ADP + Pi
    outputs:
  • 26 or 28 ATP
  • 6 H2O
  • NAD+
  • FAD
18
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A
  • ATP is produced without oxygen in the cytosol
  • NADH recycles NAD+
  • slows krebs cycle, no ETC
  • occurs in animals & fungi
  • more inefficient, but faster than aerobic
19
Q

inputs & outputs of anaerobic fermentation in animals & yeast

A

inputs:
- glucose
outputs:
- lactic acid (animals)
- ethanol (yeast)
- CO2 (yeast)
> used for production of alcohol & baked goods

20
Q

factors affecting rate of cellular respiration

A
  • temperature: highest rate when at the enzymes optimal temp. above optimal denatures the enzyme
  • glucose availability
  • oxygen conc: increased conc.= increased aerobic, no oxygen=fermentation
21
Q

biofuels/ bioethanol

A
  • made from biomass- renewable matter from recently living plants and animals
  • Biomass can be decomposed by yeasts via anaerobic fermentation, producing bioethanol, which can be used as a type of biofuel
  • they are carbon neutral, an efficient use of waste & are essentially infinite
22
Q

process of turning biomass into bioethanol

A
  1. deconstruction: increase SA:V to make fermentation more efficient
  2. enzymatic hydrolysis: biomass is broken down into glucose using enzymes and water, hydrolysis occurs
  3. ethanol fermentation: large amount of ethanol is produced, diffuses out of yeast cells & is collected for use
  4. purification & detoxification: water removed, biofuel purified, can be mixed in with a fossil fuel (eg. E10 fuel)
23
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + water + oxygen
6CO2 + 12H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
- requires light and chlorophyll

24
Q

aerobic respiration formula

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30 or 32 ATP

Bio 3/4 (4 decks)

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