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Global Politics > Unit 3 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define sovereignty

A

<p>Legitimate or widely recognised ability to exercise effective control of a territory within recognised borders. This is the primary organising principle of global politics, providing states with the authority to represent their territorial entity within the international community. State sovereignty can be challenged internally (for example, secessionist groups) or externally (for example, one state invades another).</p>

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2
Q

Define power

A

<p>Refers to the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Power can be exercised in a range of types and forms.</p>

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3
Q

Define National Interest

A

Used as an all-embracing concept to justify policy preferences and actions, and includes the goals or objectives of foreign policy.

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4
Q

Define Security

A

Traditionally refers to protection of state’s borders from intruders and the maintenance of sovereignty. Has evolved to include softer forms of security, such as access to resources (economic security) and protection of ecosystems (environmental security)

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5
Q

Define Idealism

A

School of thought in which foreign policy is influenced above all else by moral principle, as opposed to practical and pragmatic considerations.

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6
Q

Define Pragmatism

A

School of thought in which foreign policy is influenced above all else by practical and pragmatic considerations, as opposed to moral principles.

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7
Q

4 elements of the National Interest

A

National Security
Economic Prosperity
Regional Relationships
International Standing

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8
Q

4 pillars of the Chinese Dream

A

Strong China = economically, politically, diplomatically, scientifically, militarily
Civilised China = equity and fairness, rich culture, high morals
Harmonious society = amity among social classes
Beautiful China = Healthy environment, low pollution

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9
Q

What are the ‘Two 100s’ in the Chinese Dream

A

2021 – 100th year anniversary of the CCP – to be a “moderately well-off society” = DOUBLING 2010 GDP per capita by about 2020  GDP/capita in 2010 was $4550, in 2020 it was $10,540

2049 – 100th year of founding of the PRC – to be a “fully developed nation” =
Regaining position as world leader in science, technology, economics and business
Resurgence of Chinse civilisation, culture and military might
China participating actively in all areas of human endeavour

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10
Q

What are the factor’s that shape China’s national interests?

A

State formation = one party state = desire to remain in power
cultural and ethnic identities = existence of Tibetans and Uighurs
Ideology = nationalism
History = Century of Shame + Middle Kingdom (rejuvenation)
International Relationships
Economic necessity

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11
Q

What are China’s National Security interests?

A

Political security  maintenance of CCP rule
Territorial integrity  maintain sovereignty (includes Taiwan, East China Sea and South China Sea)
Economic Security – access to resources, trade routes and grow wealth

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12
Q

What are China’s Economic Prosperity interests?

A

Continue economic growth – Xi says ‘new normal’ is 6-6.5% per year
Maintain access to trade
Resource security – Food and Energy
‘Common prosperity’ - Reduce inequity
Made in China 2025 – move from being the ‘world’s factory’ and upgrade manufacturing to being ‘technology-intensive powerhouse’  i.e. create higher paid jobs – to transition to being a consumer economy + reduce dependence on foreign suppliers

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13
Q

What are China’s Regional Relationship interests?

A

Creating positive bi-lateral relationships that are ‘win-win’ – e.g. trade
Have Sovereignty claims recognised by regional neighbours
Desire to be regional hegemon

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14
Q

What are China’s International Standing interests?

A

To become a ‘responsible great power’ – create new and alternative institutions e.g. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) + engagement in existing institutions of global governance + role in Climate Change

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15
Q

What are the factors that shape China’s National Security interests?

A
  1. Maintenance of CCP rule - popular nationalism must be upheld - t/f importance of sovereignty
  2. Cultural Identity - creates secessionist groups that need to be quelled (Uighurs, Tibet)
  3. History - justification for sov claims + Century of Shame shapes approach
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16
Q

What are the factors that are shaping Economic Prosperity

A
  1. Maintenance of CCP rule (regime security)
  2. Middle Class expectations
  3. Economic and social inequity = GINI rising
  4. Environmental security = impact of pollution impacts approach to Ec Pros
  5. International relations = impacts trade relations/requires shift to becoming more self-dependent
17
Q

What are factors shaping Regional Relationships?

A
  1. History - symbolism of middle kingdom
  2. Maintenance of CCP rule = importance of appealing to popular nationalism
  3. Economic necessity - access to trade
18
Q

Factors that shape International Standing

A
  1. Economic necessity - trade
  2. History
  3. Maintenance of CCP rule
  4. Leader of South-South development
19
Q

How does History shape National interests?

A

Century of Shame - CCP used term as propaganda for 100 years prior to 1949 revolution - part of their justification of being better government is that they have not allowed themselves to be subjugated like prev. regime BUT shapes China’s NI b/c can’t be seen to be losing face t/f makes sov. claims key for NS + impacts the way they operate on international stage which impacts international standing and regional relationships

Middle Kingdom - symbolic past that Chinese Dream links to in terms of ‘rejuvenation’ - particularly Strong China - links to National Security and Economic Prosperity

20
Q

How does maintenance of CCP rule shape National Interests?

A

= number 1 priority
currently under threat from:
impact of COVID-19 on the economy + rising inequality
Threat of Uighurs
Position of Xi Jinping

t/f regime has fostered popular nationalism - has led to Wolf Warrior diplomacy - has won CCP kudos at home (although alienated abroad) contributes to:
- aggressive pursuit of sovereignty claims (National Security)
- reaction to Australia for questioning COVID-19
- doubled down efforts to defend Huwawei

21
Q

Differing interpretations of National Security

A

CCP = Territorial Integrity essential to national security t/f defend threats to sov. over disputed territory = increased militarisation
vs.
DPP in Taiwan = Taiwan is an independent and sovereign country
+
US/Australia in SCS= international waters, Senkaku Islands (US recongises Japanese sov.)

22
Q

Differing interpretations of Economic Prosperity

A

Xi Jinping = Common Prosperity = restore state control over economy in order to address wealth divide and restore equity

vs.

Liu He (Deputy Premier) = focus on GDP growth through market capitalism - allow private sector to continue to grow

23
Q

Key economic stats that support Common Prosperity interpretation

A

wealthiest 1% hold 30.6% of the country’s wealth cf. 209% 20 years ago
+ 600 mil Chinese live on a monthly income of US$154

24
Q

Key economic stats that support market capitalism as an approach

A

private sector = 50% of tax revenue, 60% of GDP and 70% of technological innovation + 80% of urban employment
China has 124/500 of the world’s largest companies (Fortune 500) but the average profit margin is 4.5% compared to 8.9% for US companies + return on assets is 1.9% vs. US 4.9%
BECAUSE 94/124 are SOEs
– ave return of assets of SOEs is 1.2% vs. 3.7% for private Chinese businesses and Private companies have 7% profit margin vs. 3.5% for SOEs
SOE accounted for +50% of corporate debt but only 22% of GDP = inefficient

25
Q

Differing interpretations to Regional Relationships

A

Left of CCP - Support NK at all costs ‘close as lips and teeth’ b/c it is ideologically and geopolitically crucial

vs.

Zhao Lingman - PRC should abandon NK b/c it is a diplomatic liability

26
Q

Differing interpretations of International Standing

A

Hide strength bide time (inspired by Deng Xiaoping) - in order to protect trade for economic development = peaceful rise

vs.

Peace through strength (Xi Jinping) - in order to prevent being isolated on international stage by US - need to be more outward looking e.g. SCS, BRI, AIIB

27
Q

Examples of China using trade as an FPI

A
  • South Korea = 2016 FTA + $300bn in trade flow + 2017 boycotts
  • Taiwan = China = Taiwan #1 trade partner + investment
  • Japan - China = Japan #1 trade partner
  • US-China trade war - position of trade partner allowed retaliation with trade sanctions - China better able to weather storm as found alt. destination for exports - e.g. EU
  • NK - trade sanctions
28
Q

Examples of China using Military power as an FPI

A

South China Sea - island building + cabbage strategy + placement of armaments
Taiwan - mock invasions + placement of armaments + grey zone tactics
East China Sea - ADIZ 2013

29
Q

Examples of China using aid as an FPI

A

BRI
Pacific Islands

30
Q

Examples of China using diplomacy

A

Summit Diplomacy - NK, the Philippines, SK
Wolf Warrior Diplomacy - Taiwan + Australia
Pandas - Germany, Indonesia, Malaysia

31
Q

Examples of China using Hard Power

A

Taiwan – use of missiles pointing + diplomatic denouncements = grey zone warfare
Japan – hard use of trade + ADIZ
South Korea – response to THAAD
SCS – island building

32
Q

Examples of China using Soft Power

A

Panda Diplomacy
Confucius Institutes
Media
University

33
Q

Evidence of China military power

A

+ve Largest army = 1.25 bn
+ve military spending = $144.3 bn 2016  growth of 8.5% per year b/w 2007 and 2016
-ve cf. to US navy – 36 destroyers and 1 aircraft carrier vs. 83 and 11
-ve military spending of US = $639bn

34
Q

Evidence of China economic power

A

+ve GDP = #1 in world $23.12 tr
+/- GDP growth has slowed BUT 13th in world still = 6.8% in 2017
+ve low public debt (18.6% of GDP = 190 in world)
+ve poverty rate decreasing rapidly now 3.3%
+ve Exports = $2.16t vs. imports = $1.73t = trade surplus ↑ economic prosperity BUT also 2nd largest import market ↑ power over other states
= $3.19t foreign exchange reserves = # 1 foreign holder of US bonds

-ve GDP/capita = $16,600 = 106th in world = lack of purchasing power of Chinese population
-ve use of SOE/reduction in private enterprises has reduced profitability

35
Q

Evidence of China’s Political Power

A

+/- One Party state = large amount of control over state policy/actions but diminishes international credibility

Control over state media + censorship

36
Q

Evidence of China’s Diplomatic Power

A

Veto in UN

IMF voting power of 6.2%

Membership of APEC, WTO, ASEAN

NOT in G7

37
Q

Evidence of China’s cultural power

A

Confucius institutes = 480

Media = CGTN global news

Foreign students = 397,635 in 2015

Global Politics (3 decks)

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