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Unit 3/4 Biology > Unit 3 AOS 1 - What is the role of nucleic acids and proteins in maintaining life? > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 1 - What is the role of nucleic acids and proteins in maintaining life? Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleic acids

A

information molecules that encode instructions for the synthesis of proteins

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2
Q

Polymer/Monomer of DNA/RNA

A

Polymer: Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotide

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3
Q

Polymer/Monomer of Protein

A

Polymer: Polypeptide Chain
Monomer: Amino acid

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4
Q

Functional groups in amino acids:

A

Amino group and Carboxyl Group

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5
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA | RNA
Double strand | Single strand
Thymine | Uracil
Deoxyribose | Ribose

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6
Q

What does degenerate/reduntant mean

A

more than one codon can code for a particular amino acid

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7
Q

what is meant by universal in terms of genetic code

A

in all organisms on earth codons code for the same amino acids. genetic information is transferrable between species.

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8
Q

mRNA

A

carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm ( the ribosome). As information in DNA cannot be decoded into proteins it is must be transcribed/copied into mRNA

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9
Q

tRNA

A

brings specific information from the nucleus to the ribosome. carries amino acids to ribosomes and are linked to form proteins

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10
Q

rRNA

A

combines with proteins to form the ribosome and is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in mRNA into protein.

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11
Q

What are the steps in transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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12
Q

What is Initiation?(In transcription)

A
  • Transcriptional factors and RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region of the template strand.
  • This signals the DNA to unzip, leaving the nucleotides of the DNA(most importantly the template strand) exposed.
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13
Q

What is Elongation?(In transcription)

A
  • RNA polymerase moves along and reads the template strand in 3’ to 5’ direction
  • Using free nucleotides, it creates a strand of pre-mRNA which is complementary to the template strand which is identical to the coding strand beside the fact that thymine is switched with uracil
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14
Q

What is termination?(In transcription)

A
  • The RNA polymerase keeps making the pre-mRNA and reading the template strand of DNA until it reaches the termination sequence
  • When the termination sequence is reached, RNA polymerase detaches from DNA which releases the pre-mRNA
  • The DNA winds up again to form the double helix and transcription is finished
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15
Q

What happens inbetween transcription and translation and explain it?

A

Post-transcriptional modification is when the introns are spliced out of the pre-mRNA and also the addition of the 3’ poly-a tail and the 5’ methyl-g cap. The remaining sequence of nucleic is only comprised of exons and is now called mRNA.

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16
Q

What stabilises and prevents mRNA from degrading?

A

The 3’ poly-a tail and the 5’ methyl-g cap

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17
Q

What enzymes are used for the removal of introns?

A

Spliceosomes

18
Q

What is alternative splicing and what are it’s benefits

A

It is when certain exons can be removed from the mRNA, creating a new mRNA strand. The benefit of this is that it increases protein diversity.

19
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

20
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In a ribosome

21
Q

Where does post-transcriptional modification occur?

A

In the nucleus

22
Q

What are the steps to gene expression?

A

Transcription, post-transcriptional modification and translation

23
Q

What are the steps to translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

24
Q

What is initiation(In translation)

A
  • The 5’ of the mRNA attaches to the ribosome and is read until the start codon is read AUG
  • Then the first tRNA brings an amino acid to the ribosomal complex which signals the start of translation
25
Q

What is elongation(In translation)

A
  • The ribosome continues to read the mRNA
  • tRNA with their complementary anticodons to the mRNA codons bring their amino acids and add them to the polypeptide chain through condensation polymerisation
  • The tRNA is now able to leave the ribosome and pick up another free amino acid
26
Q

What reaction occurs through the creation of the bonds between amino acids and what does it create as a by-product

A

Condensation polymerisation occurs and water is created as a by-product

27
Q

What is termination(In translation)

A
  • The ribosome reads the mRNA until it reaches the stop codon which signals the end of translation
  • The polypeptide chain of amino acids Is released into the cytosol or an endoplasmic reticulum
28
Q

What bonds form between amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

Peptide bonds

29
Q

What bonds occur between the bases in nucleic acid

A

Hydrogen Bonds

30
Q

What bonds occur between the sugar and phosphate groups in nucleic acid

A

Sugar-phosphate bonds

30
Q

What are introns

A

Non-coding regions of DNA
Removing during RNA processing
Only found in eukaryotic genes

31
Q

Exons

A

Coding regions of DNA
Transcribed and translated to form protein
In eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes

32
Q

Operator

A

Serves as binding site for repressor proteins

33
Q

In low levels of tryptophan…

A

Repressor protein unable to bind with tryptophan
Unable to go conformational change
Cannot bind to the operator
RNA polymerase transcribes structural genes

34
Q

In high levels of tryptophan…

A

Repressor protein binds with tryptophan
Repressor undergoes a conformational change
Binds to the oppressor
RNA polymerase is unable to transcribe structural genes to produce tryptophan

34
Q

Eukaryotic Genes

A

One promoter per gene
No operator region
linear chromosomes

35
Q

Prokaryotic Genes

A

One promoter and operator for multiple genes
Operator region where repressor proteins bind
No introns
Circular chromosomes

36
Q

Primary Structure

A

Sequence of amino acids
Peptide bonds
(Polypeptide chain)

37
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Folded polypeptide chain
Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Alpha helice + beta pleated sheets
Random coils

38
Q

Tertiary structure

A

3 dimensional
Folded beta pleated sheets + alpha helice
Hydrogen bonds between R group of amino acids
Disulphide bonds between cysteine amino acids
Ionic bonds between charged amino acids

39
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Two or more tertiary structures
Polypeptide chain with prosthetic group also considered quaternary structure.

40
Q

The role of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
  • Outer surface covered with ribosomes.
  • Proteins synthesised by ribosomes
  • Packaged into vesicle to be transported to the Golgi

Unit 3/4 Biology (1 decks)

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