unit 3 AOS 1 (skill acquisition)

Question 1

what is a skill?

Answer 1

a skill is the ability to do something well. In sports, the focus is on motor skills such as a tennis serve, volleyball spike or hockey push.

Question 2

what are the Three ways to classify a skill?

Answer 2

movement precision
type of movement
predictability of the movement

Question 3

what is a Gross motor skill

Answer 3

involves recruiting large muscle groups and place less emphasis on precision, e.g. running

Question 4

what is a fine motor skill?

Answer 4

involves recruiting smaller muscles for precision movements e.g. the finger and movements when playing darts.

Question 5

what is a discrete motor skill?

Answer 5

have a clear beginning and end e.g a netball pas s

Question 6

what is a serial motor skill?

Answer 6

when several discrete skills are performed in a sequence e.g. a gymnastics floor routine

Question 7

what is a continuous motor skill?

Answer 7

have no definite beginning or end e.g. running

Question 8

what are closed motor skills?

Answer 8

performed in surroundings where the performer has teh greatest control over the performance environment. e.g. an indoor, individual fiving routine

Question 9

what are open motor skills?

Answer 9

performed in a less predictable environment where the conditions are constantly changing, and the performer has limited control over the environment e.g. white-water kayaking.

Question 10

what are stability skills?

Answer 10

involving balance and control of the body

Question 11

what are locomotor skills?

Answer 11

that enable us to move through space, such as walking and running

Question 12

what are manipulative skills?

Answer 12

involving the control of an object, such as throwing, catching, striking and kicking

Question 13

what are the three stages of learning?

Answer 13

• cognitive
• associative
• autonomous

Question 14

what is involved in the cognitive stage of learning (characteristics of performers) ?

Answer 14

• beginner
• mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements
• their performance is inconsistent with stiff, unrelaxed movements
• they cannot detect errors and have not developed correction ability

Question 15

what are some characteristics of associative learners?

Answer 15

• beginning to refine their technique/ movement pattern
  more consistent, make fewer errors, can detect the cause of some errors and eliminate them
• more attention to external stimuli

Question 16

what are some characteristics of autonomous learners?

Answer 16

• the skill is mostly automatic
• performer can detect and correct errors and performance variables are small
• focus is directed towards tactics

Question 17

what is the benefit of part practice?

Answer 17

part practice can benefit cognitive learners who are still trying to understand the complete skill. by practicing parts it can increase motivational levels as beginners are able to achieve success quickly.

Question 18

what is part practice?

Answer 18

part practice is when you break up a skill into segments and learn each aspect individually before completing it as a whole skill

Question 19

what are two things to consider when deciding whether to use part or whole practice?

Answer 19

• task complexity
• task organisation

Question 20

what is task complexity?

Answer 20

when a skill has several segments it can be considered a complex task where part practice may be ore appropriate when trying to learn the skill.

Question 21

what is task organisation?

Answer 21

task organisation refers to how dependant each segment is on the previous segment. for example, if you were to complete a cartwheel using part practice it would lose its rhythm therefore it would be difficult to complete.

Question 22

why is amount of practice critical?

Answer 22

the amount of practice is critical when trying to learn a new skill especially in early stages of learning. there is a positive relationship between improvement and practice time.

Question 23

what is distributed practice?

Answer 23

involves short but frequent training sessions.
- more time is given for rest periods between tasks within the training session - distributed practice scheduling creates a better learning environment.

Question 24

what is massed practice?

Answer 24

involves less frequent training sessions that last for a longer period of time.
- rest intervals between tasks are also reduced compared to distributed practice

Question 25

what is blocked practice?

Answer 25

practicing the same skill continually in the same training session without changing to different tasks. it is appropriate for beginners who are trying to understand and reproduce the movement.

Question 26

what is random practice?

Answer 26

The varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session. it is suitable for performers in the associative and autonomous stages.

Question 27

what are the two types of feedback?

Answer 27

inherent (internal)
augmented (external)

Question 28

what are the four aspects of inherent feedback?

Answer 28

• visual
• auditory
• proprioception
• touch

Question 29

what are the two external feedback types?

Answer 29

• knowledge of results
• knowledge of performance

Question 30

what is inherent/ intrinsic feedback?

Answer 30

when performers use their own senses to detect errors and correct them.
- this feedback is always available to the performer when they understand the goal of the task.

Question 31

what is augmented feedback?

Answer 31

from an external person such as a coach or role model, helps develop the intrinsic feedback system.

Question 32

when can augmented feedback be given?

Answer 32

it can be given during or after a performance.
- during the performance is termed concurrent feedback
- terminal feedback is given afterwards

Question 33

how should feed back be delivered?

Answer 33

clear, precise and in limited in the information it offers. learners also respond well to positive reinforcement rather than negative hurtful feedback.

Question 34

what is the difference between knowledge of results and knowledge of performance?

Answer 34

knowledge of results is specific feedback about the outcome of the task (goals scored, number of times touched, etc) whereas knowledge of performance feedback focuses of the characteristics of the performance (their technique)

Question 35

what does QMA stand for?

Answer 35

qualitative movement analysis

Question 36

what are the four stages of a QMA ?

Answer 36

• preparation
• observation
• evaluation
• error correction

Question 37

why is qualitative movement assessed. analysed ?

Answer 37

• diagnosis of strengths and weaknesses of players or teams
• obtain a final, result or rank in competition
• talent identification or team selection
• predict future performance results

Question 38

what is involved in the ‘preparation’ stage of a QMA?

Answer 38

• determine the specific purpose of the analysis
• utilise media technology
• determine which player is being observed
• how progress will be tackled (timing of observation)

Question 39

what is involved in the ‘observation’ stage of a QMA?

Answer 39

• can be performed live and/ or recorded
• several factors can be influencing someone’s ability to observe
• a range of variables can be observed
• has limitations

Question 40

what is involved in the ‘evaluation’ stage of a QMA?

Answer 40

• ‘judgement of quality’
• decide what the problem is
• what is causing it
• how can it be addressed
• objectively (scores) / subjectively (perception/ interpretation)

Question 41

what makes a test valid?

Answer 41

the capacity of a test to measure what it is intended to.

Question 42

what makes a test reliable?

Answer 42

the ability to produce similar results when conducted in identical/ similar conditions, contexts and situations.