Unit 3 AOS 1

Question 1

Skill

Answer 1

The ability to do something well.

Question 2

Movement Precision

Answer 2

Gross Motor Skills: when a skill requires the use of larger muscle groups and requires less precision. E.g running, swimming.
Fine Motor Skills: when a skill requires the use of smaller muscles groups and needs to be highly precise. E.g writing, typing.

Question 3

Types of Movement

Answer 3

Discrete Motor Skills: is a motor skill that had a distinct beginning and end. E.g jumping, catching
Serial Motor Skills: is a when a group of discrete skills are put together. E.g basketball free throw, golf swing.
Continuous Motor Skills: when there is no distinct beginning and end. E.g running, walking.

Question 4

Predictability of Environment

Answer 4

Closed Motor Skills: when skills are performed in a highly predictable environment
Open Motor Skills: when skills are performed in an unpredictable environment.

Question 5

Fundamental Skills

Answer 5

Stability Skills: involves balance and control of the body
Locomotor Skills: enables is to move through space
Manipulative skills: involves ability to control and object.

Question 6

Stages Of Learning

Answer 6

Cognitive Stage: Beginner stage, attention is on movement production, inconstant performance.
Associative Stage: Practice Stage, refine movement and technique, start to focus on external factor
Autonomous Stage: Elite Stage, skill is now automatic, can direct focus elsewhere, develop anticipation.

Question 7

Practice Strategies

Answer 7

Part Practice: breaking a complex skill into smaller parts and practicing them individually.
Whole Practice: Practice all elements in one go.
When choosing either whole or part practice, 2 factors need to be considered task complexity (difficulty) and task organisation (how reliant moves are on the previous one)

Question 8

Amount of Practice

Answer 8

The amount of practice is the critical learning variable. Especially in the cognitive stage of learning, the more practice the athlete does the greater the improvement will be.

Question 9

Practice Distribution

Answer 9

Distributed practice: best for full-time athletes this is when practice sessions are shorter but more frequent, time to reflect on what they learn.
Massed practice: best for amateurs involves less frequent sessions that last longer, rest times in sessions are also shorter.

Question 10

Practice Variability

Answer 10

Blocked Practice: involves athletes practising the same skill continuously without changing tasks.
Random Practice: When the athlete might practice multiple skills in random order. Helps athlete practice the ability to make decisions in the moment.

Question 11

Transfer of Practice

Answer 11

Involves the transfer of skills learnt and developed in practice into a game or competition situation. Practice that resembles the game will result in greater transfer of practice.

Question 12

Influences of Movement (constraints)

Answer 12

Individual Constraints: height, weight, attention ect.
Environmental Constraints: Physical- weather, terrain, quality of facilities
Task Constrains: field size, rules, opponents, player numbers.

Question 13

Approches to coaching

Answer 13

Direct: Coach has autocratic style, learner is told what to do and how to do it, feedback comes from the coach, useful in early stages of learning.
Constraints Based approach: Involves the coach manipulating task constrains and is primary learner driven.

Question 14

Qualitative Movement Analysis

Answer 14

Preparation, Observation, Evaluation, Error Correction.

Question 15

Sociocultural Factors

Answer 15

Family: attitude, experience, value, siblings
Peers: Popularity, friends that play, social norm
Community: Where you grow up, E.g Mornington peninsula- swimming, footy, cricket
Gender: gender dominated sports
Socioeconomic status: access to equipment, club registration.
Cultural Beliefs/traditions: Religious beliefs, the role certain genders have in specific cultures.

Question 16

Feedback

Answer 16

Intrinsic Feedback: this is when the performer uses their senses to assess their performance. E.g Visual, Auditory, Proprioception, touch.
Augmented Feedback: External (given by coach) can be concurrent (during performance) or terminal (given after performance).

Question 17

Knowledge of performance vs Knowledge of results

Answer 17

Knowledge of performance: Is feedback on how the skill was performed and is better for skill acquisition.
Knowledge of Results: Is feedback about the result of the movement.

Question 18

Force

Answer 18

Force = mass times acceleration, and is and push or pull.

Question 19

Inertia

Answer 19

Is an objects resistance to change its state of motion.

This is directly linked with mass as the greater an objects mass the greater the moment of inertia.

Question 20

Momentum

Answer 20

Momentum= mass time velocity, Is a measure of the amount of motion an object has.

Question 21

Impulse

Answer 21

Impulse= force times time, and is when the momentum of an object or body is changed due to an applied force, can be either slowing it down or it gaining momentum.

Question 22

Newton’s Laws Of Motion

Answer 22

Newton’s first law: the law of Inertia
Newton’s second law: law of acceleration
Newton’s third law: law of action-reaction

Question 23

Newton’s first law

Answer 23

law of inertia: A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. E.g Flight and run out of a golf ball

Question 24

Newton’s second law

Answer 24

Law of acceleration: A force applied to an object will produce a change in motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force applied. E.g Driving vs Putting

Question 25

Newton’s third law

Answer 25

Law of action-reaction: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Sprinter in starting blocks.

Question 26

Angular Motion

Answer 26

Is any movement around an axis either real or imagined.

Question 27

Torque

Answer 27

Refers to a force applied that results in angular motion

Question 28

First Law of ANGULAR motion

Answer 28

The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by external torque.

Question 29

Second law of ANGULAR motion

Answer 29

A torque applied on an object will produce a change in angular motion in the direction of the applied torque that is directly proportional to the size of the torque. However inversely proportional to the moment of inertia on the object.

Question 30

Third Law of ANGULAR motion

Answer 30

For every torque there is an equal and opposite torque.

Question 31

Angular Momentum

Answer 31

Angular Momentum= moment of inertia times angular velocity. Is the amount of rotation a object or body has.

Question 32

Moment of inertia (angular)

Answer 32

this refers to how hard or easy it is for rotation to occur, the further away that mass is from the axis, the larger the moment of inertia

Question 33

Angular Velocity

Answer 33

Is how fast the body or object is rotating. As angular velocity increases, moment of inertia decreases and vice versa.

Question 34

Linear Motion vs Angular Motion

Answer 34

Linear Motion: When motion occurs is the same direction at the same speed.
Angular Motion: When motion occurs around an axis.
angular motion of limbs=linear motion of body

Question 35

Linear distance vs Displacement

Answer 35

Distance: measures path travelled from start to finish regardless of direction.
Displacement: Measures the change in position, how far is is from the initial position to final position.

Question 36

Linear speed and velocity

Answer 36

Speed: refers to distance travelled over a particular time.
Velocity: refers to the amount of displacement (change in position) over a particular time.

Question 37

Linear Acceleration

Answer 37

Acceleration is a change in velocity over a period of time.
Positive acceleration=speeding up
Negative acceleration=slowing down
zero acceleration=moving at a constant velocity

Question 38

Angular Distance vs Angular Displacement

Answer 38

measured in degrees
Angular Distance: is the total distance covered during angular motion.
Angular Displacement: difference between the starting point and the finishing point of the angular motion.

Question 39

Angular speed vs Angular velocity

Answer 39

Angular Speed= degrees/time

Angular Velocity=change in position (degrees)/time

Question 40

Angular acceleration

Answer 40

how quickly a body or object changes its angular position.

Question 41

Projectile Motion

Answer 41

An object or a body launched in to air is considered a projectile

Question 42

Factors affecting path of a projectile

Answer 42

Angle of release: the angle of release affects the horizontal distance covered by a projectile.
Speed of release: The greater the speed of release, the greater the horizontal range (distance) of the projectile.
Height of release: is the difference between the height that the projectile is released and height at which it lands or stops. When release height and landing height are equal the optimal angle of release is 45degrees. When release height is greater than landing height the optimal angle is less than 45degrees. When release height is less than landing height the optimal angle will be greater than 45 degrees.

Question 43

Equilibrium

Answer 43

An object is said to be in equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces acting on it.
Static Equilibrium: when an object is in equilibrium while it is not moving.
Dynamic Equilibrium: when an object or body is moving with a constant velocity.

Question 44

Stability and Balance

Answer 44

Stability: is the resistance a body or object to the disruption of equilibrium.
Balance: is a body or objects ability to control equilibrium.
Stability and balance go hand in hand: the more balance an object has the greater its stability will be.

Question 45

Factors affecting Stability

Answer 45

Base of support, Centre of Gravity, Body mass, friction between the body and surfaces.

Question 46

Base of Support and its influence on stability

Answer 46

The larger the base of support the greater and objects stability.

Question 47

Centre of gravity and how it influences stability

Answer 47

This is the point around which an objects weight is balanced. This can change as the body position changes, general rule is that the lower the centre gravity, the greater the stability.

Question 48

Body Mass and its influence on stability

Answer 48

The greater the mass of an object or body, the more stable it is. We can’t change our mass during a game, however having a certain mass may make you suited to one sport over another.

Question 49

Friction and its influence on stability

Answer 49

Increasing friction between the body and the surface it is in contact with will increase stability. For example surfing (waxing the board)

Question 50

Levers and mechanical advantage

Answer 50

The human body is a system of leavers that allows movement to occur. Levers help to provide a mechanical advantage through either:

1) allow us to apply a smaller force or effort to move a much greater resistance.
2) moving one point of an object a small distance, causing another point of the same object to move a large distance.

Question 51

Different Classes of Levers

Answer 51

First class levers: can change depending on where the axis is located. E.g seesaw, throwing a ball
Second Class levers: have a mechanical advantage greater than 1, making it easier to move a large resistance. E.g lifting heal, lifting wheelbarrow 
Third Class levers: have a mechanical advantage less than one, meaning more force is required, however results in a greater range of motion and greater angular speed and velocity. E.g bicep curls, fishing

Question 52

Increasing lever length

Answer 52

Increasing the length of a lever also increases the resistance arm and the moment of inertia, this means more force is required to move or swing the equipment. Increasing velocity is not as simple as increasing the lever length, this is because the larger a lever leads to more force required to swing it, this will eventually compromise technique and reduce performance.

Question 53

Summation of momentum

Answer 53

Is needed to generate large force or build acceleration, sequential summation is when an athlete will perform a movement, by moving muscles one after another, and usually beginning with larger/stronger muscles and finishing with small/ more precise ones. E.g Golf swing, tennis serve.